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ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIAL OF GLORY LILY, GLORIOSASUPERBA, LINN
(International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 2011-03) H, Rehanabanu; N, Nagarajan
The successive Soxhlet extract of Gloriosasuperba, L. (Liliaceae) was extracted using acetone, dichloromethane, chloroform and methanol in ascending order of the polarity. The extracts were investigated for their antibacterial activity against two Gram positive bacteria Streptococcus faecalisand Enterococcus faecalisand two Gram negative bacteria Klebsiellapneumoniaeand Proteus mirabilis by using disc diffusion method. Among the four extracts tested, acetone extract had effective antibacterial potential, followed by methanol extract at 25 and 100% concentration against Enterococcus faecalis. The acetone extract showed greater activity against Gram-positive than against Gram-negative organisms. The study confirms the antibacterial potential of Gloriosasuperbaleaves extracted using various solvents, and is therefore, a potential drug that requires further studies and development
ANTIFUNGAL, PHYTOCHEMICAL, PROTEIN AND FT-IR ANALYSIS OF AMPELOCISSUS LATIFOLIA (ROXB.) PLANCH
(International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences, 2018) Kalaivani V; Sumathi R
In recent times, focus on plant research has increased all over the world. The therapeutic effect of these plants for the treatment of various diseases is based on the chemical constituents present in them. Medicinal plants provide affordable means of health care for poor and marginalised people. Ampelocissus is a genus of Vitaceae family. The FT-IR analysis of stem and fruit powder showed the alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, esters, amines, ketones, aldehydes. Despite its well- recognised medicinal and economic potential, there are no commercial plantations worldwide. Wild plants have continuously been used to meet the growing commercial demand in terms of their socio-economic value. Ampelocissus latifolia is the plant which may not be freely available in future due to over exploitation, habitat destruction or lack of domestication and cultivation. Since this plant species is an important ingredient of several medicines due to its usefulness, phytochemical investigation for isolation of important active ingredients through cell culture will be helpful
ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL (AM) AND DARK SEPTATE ENDOPHYTE (DSE) FUNGAL ASSOCIATION IN LYCOPHYTES AND FERNS OF THE KOLLI HILLS, EASTERN GHATS, SOUTHERN INDIA
(American Fern Journal, 2014) Muthuraja R; Muthukumar T; Sathiyadash K; Uma E; Priyadharsini P
We examined the extent and type of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and dark septate endophyte (DSE) fungal associations in three lycophyte and 44 fern species collected from three different sites in the Kolli Hills, Eastern Ghats, southern India. Of the 47 plant taxa (belonging to 21 families and 33 genera) examined, 46 had AM fungal and 33 had DSE fungal associations. But, fungal structures were absent in the aquatic fern Azolla pinnata (Azollaceae). This is the first report of AM and DSE fungal status for 16 and 28 species, respectively. Among terrestrial lycophytes and ferns, 26 species had dual association of both AM and DSE fungi, whereas 11 species had only AM fungal association. Vittaria elongata from epiphytic habitats had dual association of AM and DSE fungi. Likewise, Cheilanthes tenuifolia (saxicolous or terrestrial), Cheilanthes opposita, Lepisorus nudus, Pyrrosia lanceolata (terrestrial or epiphytic), and Asplenium lanceolatum (saxicolous or epiphytic) examined from different sites or habitats also had dual association of AM and DSE fungi. Seventy two percent of the mycorrhizal lycophytes and ferns had intermediate-type AM and 15 percent had both Paris- and intermediate-types at different sites. Significant variations in AM fungal structures were evident in 16 ferns occurring in two or more sites. Nine AM fungal spore morphotypes belonging to Acaulospora, Funneliformis, Glomus, Gigaspora, and Sclerocystis were found to be associated with lycophytes and ferns
ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL AND DARK SEPTATE ENDOPHYTE FUNGAL ASSOCIATIONS IN FERNS AND LYCOPHYTES OF PALNI HILLS, WESTERN GHATS, SOUTHERN INDIA
(Brazilian Journal of Botany, 2014) Muthukumar T; Sathiyaraj G; Priyadharsini P; Uma E; Sathiyadash K
WWe assessed the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and dark septate endophyte (DSE) fungal associations in 57 ferns and 3 lycophytes (belonging to 15 families in 39 genera) of different life forms (epiphytic, saxicolous and terricolous) occurring in Palni Hills of Western Ghats. Fungal symbiosis was absent in all the three lycophytes examined. Fifty-five of the 57 ferns (91.66 %) examined had AM and 37 (64.91 %) had DSE fungal association. This is the first report on AM and DSE fungal association for 22 and 30 species, respectively. In addition, AM morphology was evaluated for the first time in 34 species. Sixty-five percentage of the mycorrhizal ferns had intermediate- type AM and 19.30 % had typical Paris-type AM morphology. Both Paris- and intermediate-type AM morphologies were observed in 10.53 % of ferns. The root length colonized by AM and DSE fungal structures significantly varied among species, and a significant negative relation existed between the root length colonized by AM and DSE fungi.
ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL AND DARK SEPTATE ENDOPHYTE FUNGAL ASSOCIATIONS IN SOUTH INDIAN GRASSES
(Symbiosis, 2010-10-21) Sathiyadash K; Muthukumar T; Uma E
We examined arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and dark septate endophyte (DSE) fungal association in 50 south Indian grasses from four different sites. AM fungal diversity was also compared among the different sites. Forty-four of the 50 grasses examined had AM association and dual association with DSE fungi occurred in 25 grasses. We report for the first time AM and DSE fungal status in 23 and 27 grasses respectively. Arum-type AM morphology was the dominant occurring in 21 grasses with typical Paris-type colonization occurring in 6 grasses. AM morphology is reported for the first time in 35 grasses. Over the different sites, spore density in the soil ranged from 5–22 per 100 g air-dried soil. Spores of 11 AM fungal taxa were isolated from the soil samples of grasses of which nine belonged to Glomus, one to Acaulospora and one to Scutellospora. No significant relationship existed between AM fungal colonization and spore numbers. Species richness was high in site II and Glomus aggregatum, Glomus viscosum and Glomus mosseae were most frequent species at different sites. Overall species diversity indices (Simpson index, Shannon-Weaver index, species equitability index) differed significantly between sites
ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGAL STRAINS AND SOIL TYPE INFLUENCE GROWTH, NODULATION, AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE OF CASUARINA EQUISETIFOLIA
(Springer, 2013) Muthukumar T; Uma E; Priyadharsini P
The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal species and strains on seedling growth and uptake of nutrients were determined for Casuarina equisetifolia under nursery conditions. Seedlings of C. equisetifolia were inoculated individually with four strains each of Acaulospora scrobiculata and Glomus aggregatum in two soil types (alfisol and vertisol). Seedling height, root collar diameter, nodulation, dry weights, nutrient contents, nutrient uptake efficiencies, mycorrhizal inoculation effect (MIE), and seedling quality were determined at harvest. Seedlings inoculated with different AM fungal strains invariably had significantly higher plant growth, and nutrient parameters measured. Nevertheless, the response was higher for seedlings inoculated with strains of G. aggregatum compared to those inoculated with strains of A. scrobiculata. The mycorrhizal response as measured by MIE was significantly affected by soil types. These results suggest the importance of selecting a specific AM fungal strain suited for a soil type in forest nurseries for the production of high-quality seedlings.
ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL MORPHOLOGY IN SPOROPHYTE OF PSILOTUM NUDUM
(Phytomorphology: An International Journal of Plant Morphology, Scientific Publishers, 2009) Muthukumar T; Sathiyadash K; Uma E; Muniappan V
The mycorrhizal structures of the sporophyte of Psilotum nudum were studied by light microscopy. Further, the nature of the fungal associate was characterized through trap-culture technique. The fungal entry into the rhizome was mainly through the rhizoids with occasional direct entry through the epidermis. The fungal colonization resembling the Paristype of mycorrhiza was restricted to the cortex with the rhizome tip and the stele free of any colonization. The transversing hyphae formed coils in the host cells with intracellular vesicles, but arbuscules were absent. Single hyphae arising from the coils penetrated the neighbouring cells with a hyphal constriction at the host cell wall region. Intact and collapsed hyphal coils were found in different cells and no recolonization of the host cells was observed. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spores belonging to Acaulospora scrobiculata, Glomus aggregatum and Glomus geosporum were isolated from the trap cultures and also from the soil in which P. nudum occurred
ASSESSMENT OF COMPETENCE OF THE PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA TO SOLUBILIZE INSOLUBLE FORM OF ZINC UNDER VARIOUS CULTURAL PARAMETERS
(Springer, 2016) S N, Padma Devi; K, Sunitha kumari; S, Vasandha
Efficiency of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to solubilize insoluble form of zinc to soluble form was studied under various cultural parameters such as carbon (Glucose, Fructose, Sucrose, Maltose and Lactose), nitrogen (Ammonium sulphate, Sodium nitrate, Potassium nitrate and Urea), pH (5.0, 7.0 and 9.0) and temperature (20°C, 30°C and 40°C). The experimental study was carried out by both qualitative (Plate assay) and quantitative (Broth assay) method. The Zn solubilizing efficiency of the isolate was found more when glucose was added as C-source in both plate (150%) and broth assay (16.62mg/l) and the efficiency was less in the medium amended with sucrose as carbon source in both qualitative (105.8%) and quantitative estimation (2.56mg/l). Among the four nitrogen sources Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed best solubilizing efficiency (262.5%) and solubilization of Zn (29.91mg/l) in the presence of Ammonium sulphate and recorded least solubilization efficiency in the presence of Sodium nitrate as nitrogen source in both plate (181.82%) and broth assay (21.92mg/l). It showed highest solubilization of zinc from ZnO at the incubation temperature of 30°C and the activity was less at the temperature of 40°C. pH 7 was the most favorable pH for solubilization and the efficacy was least when the pH reached its alkalinity. Thus the study confirmed the efficiency of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to solubilize insoluble form zinc and can be used as a source of bioinoculants to eradicate zinc deficiency in plants.
ASSESSMENT OF METAL ACCUMULATION CAPACITY OF BRACHIARIA RAMOSA COLLECTED FROM CEMENT WASTE DUMPING AREA FOR THE REMEDIATION OF METAL CONTAMINATED SOIL
(Elsevier-Ecological Engineering, 2013-07-06) Lakshmi P M; Sarah Jaison; Thangavelu Muthukumar; Muthukumar M
Plant and soil samples were collected from areas surrounding a cement factory. As the vegetation around the cement factory was predominated by Brachiaria ramosa (B. ramosa) and due to its ecological importance, it was evaluated for its metal accumulation capacity. An assessment of the plant and soil samples for metals such as Zn, Pb, Cd and Hg indicated that B. ramosa accumulated significant amounts of Pb and Zn in its shoot and root tissues several folds higher than their available concentration in the soil, hence, designated as an accumulator of metals. In the shoot, Pb accumulation of B. ramosa, was found to be of great importance as it can be a promising plant for the remediation of Pb contaminated soil.
ASYMBIOTIC SEED GERMINATION, MYCORRHIZATION AND SEEDLING DEVELOPMENT OF ACAMPAE PRAEMORSA (ROXB.) BLATT. & MC CANN, A COMMON SOUTH INDIAN ORCHID
(Elsevier- Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction, 2013-06-20) Sathiyadash K; Muthukumar T; Bala Murugan S; Sathishkumar R; Uma E; Jaison S; Priyadharsini P
To develop conservation strategies for orchid species. Methods Seeds of Acampae praemorsa (Roxb.) Blatt. Mc Cann ( A. praemorsa ) were obtained from mature pods collected from Velliangiri hills and germinated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various concentration of Benzylaminopurine (BAP). Results Maximum seed germination (85%) was observed on MS media supplemented with 2 mg/L BAP. Seed germination percentage increased with increasing concentrations of BAP (0.5 mg/L to 2 mg/L), but 3 mg/L of BAP inhibited seed germination. Variations observed were significantly ( P ex vitro conditions. Conclusions In present study all the mycorrhizal seedlings survived, because orchid mycorrhizal fungi enhance growth of orchid plantlets and present study gives an effective protocol for seed germination and plantlet regeneration from immature seeds which can be used for establishing A. praemorsa populations in Velliangiri Hills and elsewhere.
AUXIN PRETREATMENT PROMOTES REGENERATION OF SUGARCANE (SACCHARUM SPP. HYBRIDS) MIDRIB SEGMENT EXPLANTS
(Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2006-11-01) Franklin G; Arvinth S; Sheeba C J; Kanchana M; Subramonian N
We have developed a new, simple, quick and genotype-independent method for direct regeneration of sugarcane using novel midrib segment explants. Our protocol involves two steps: the pretreatment of starting material on MS (Murashige and Skoog (1962) Physiol Plant 15:473–497) medium containing 3.0 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) for 8 days under continuous dark and subsequent transfer of the explants to MS medium augmented with 0.1 mg/l benzyladenine (BA) and 0.1 mg/l naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) under light-dark conditions. On the regeneration medium, numerous globular structures appeared from the explants and subsequently differentiated into shoots. Regenerated shoots attained 2–5 cm height within 30 days of culture initiation and readily rooted on MS basal medium. Hardened plants were successfully established in the greenhouse. The regulation of sugarcane morphogenesis by auxin pretreatment is discussed
BIODIESEL PRODUCTION BY ALKALI CATALYST USING PONGAMIA SEED OIL AND ITS CHARACTERIZATION.
(Asian Academic Research Journal of Multidisciplinary, 2014) Sumathi, R; Meerabai R S
Biodiesel production has received considerable attention in the past as a biodegradable and non-polluting fuel. The production of biodiesel by transesterification process employing alkali catalyst has been widely accepted for its high conversion and reaction rates. In India, non edible oils like jatropha oil, rubber seed oil, madhuca oil etc., are available in abundance, which can be converted to biodiesel. In the present study, biodiesel has been prepared from pongamia seed oil. As the acid value of this oil is high, it is reduced by esterification followed by transesterification process. The experimental work revealed the suitability of Sodium hydroxide / Potassium hydroxide and methanol as solvent for maximum methanolysis at 60-70oC in 45 minutes. Properties of biodiesel are in concordance with international standards
BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM COTTON SEED OIL USING ALKALI CATALYST AND ITS CHARACTERIZATION
(Asian Journal of Bio Science, 2012) Sumathi R; Meerabai R S
Biodiesel production has received considerable attention in the past as a biodegradable and non-polluting fuel. The production of biodiesel by transesterification process employing alkali catalyst has been widely accepted for its high conversion and reaction rates. In India, edible oils like sunflower, mustard, palm, cotton seed oil, groundnut oil etc., are available in abundance, which can be converted to biodiesel. In the present study, biodiesel has been prepared from cotton seed oil. As the acid value is less than two, it is easily converted to biodiesel by transesterification process. The experimental work revealed the suitability of sodium hydroxide/potassium hydroxide and methanol as solvent for maximum methanolysis at 60-70°C in 45 minutes. Properties of biodiesel are in concordance with international standards.
BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM COTTON SEED OIL USING EXTRACELLULAR LIPASE ENZYME AS CATALYST
(Advances in Plant Sciences, 2013) Sumathi R; Meerabai R S
Biodiesel (Fatty acid methyl esters), which is derived from triglycerides by transesterification with methanol, has attracted considerable attention during the past decade as a renewable, biodegradable and nontoxic fuel. Several processes for biodiesel fuel production have been developed among which the enzymatic process offers several advantages than the chemical routes. Enzymatic transestrification using lipase has become more attractive for biodiesel fuel production, since the glycerol produced as a by product can be easily recovered and the purification of fatty acid methyl ester is simple to accomplish. The main hurdle to the commercialization of this system is the cost of lipase production. As a means of reducing the cost, the extra cellular enzyme is significantly advantageous. In the present investigation, optimization of process parameters for high lipase production by the microbes viz, Mucor racemosus, Aspergillus terreus and Penicillium candidum using SOB and MYGP medium were carried out. Culture filtrates were used as extra cellular crude enzyme source as a catalyst for conversion of cotton seed oil to biodiesel and the parameters such as quantity of enzyme and methanol needed for significant yield of biodiesel were standardized
CHROMIUM ACCUMULATION IN PLANTS OF THERAPEUTIC VALUE GROWING NATURALLY ON TANNERY POLLUTANT CONTAMINATED AND NON-CONTAMINATED SOILS
(Springer- Biological Trace Element Research, 2016-05-25) Jaison S; Muthukumar T
Herbal preparations used to treat human ailments globally can be contaminated with various heavy metals (HMs) originating from the raw materials or from the manufacturing processes. Therefore, we assessed 22 medicinal plants growing naturally on tannery pollutant contaminated (Site-C) and non-contaminated (Site-NC) sites for their ability to accumulate chromium (Cr). The Cr contents in soil and various plant parts were estimated using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Translocation and bioconcentration factors were calculated. The soil at Site-C had 27-fold higher concentration of total Cr than at Site-NC. Chromium accumulation is reported for the first time in 50 % of the medicinal plants examined and varied significantly among the sites. Shoots of Ricinus communis and Amaranthus viridis had maximum concentrations of Cr at Site-C, whereas in Site-NC, none of the plants had Cr accumulation >30 ppm. Ricinus communis, Amaranthus viridis, and Amaranthus spinosus had translocation factor (TF) greater than the one in the Site-C and Lantana camara had TF >1 in Site-NC. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) was >1 only for Ricinus communis at both the sites. The majority of the medicinal plants at Site-NC had Cr content exceeding the permissible limit of 2 ppm suggested for herbal raw material. The results of the study clearly emphasize the need for screening plants of therapeutic value for the presence of HMs even when collected from non-contaminated soils. Moreover, proportional allocation of Cr in different plant parts provided an insight on the safety of these parts when specifically used in herbal preparations.
COMPARATIVE ROOT MORPHOLOGICAL ANATOMY OF ZINGIBERACEAE. SYSTEMATICS AND BIODIVERSITY
(Systematics and Biodiversity, 2014-02-10) Uma E; Muthukumar T
The root anatomy and morphology of 23 species of Zingiberaceae from three tribes and eight genera were examined. Roots were sectioned, with a microtome or freehand, and examined using a variety of staining techniques. The anatomical characters of roots were thoroughly studied and analysed laying emphasis on 21 qualitative and 16 quantitative characters. Statistical tools such as UPGMA Cluster analysis, PCoA and PCA were used to elucidate species boundaries. The prominent anatomical characters in the roots were as follows: all the gingers examined had a piliferous epidermis, followed by an exodermis which contained one or more layers of compact, suberized cells. The cortex had two regions (outer and inner layers) with intercellular air spaces that were radially extended, either linear (Curcuma spp. and Kaempferia galanga), tetrangular (Zingiber officinale), or triangular. The uniseriate endodermis had U-shaped thickening at maturity. Stele included a thin-walled, uniseriate pericycle and polyarch vascular tissues. Phloem strands in Alpinia, Curcuma, Hedychium and Zingiber often extended radially inwards, forming phloem islands. The peripheral ground tissues of stele were mostly fibrous and occasionally parenchymatous. The medulla commonly occupied the centre of the stele. Tuberous roots of Globba, Hedychium and Kaempferia had a wide, starch-filled cortex with stele diameter similar to non-tuberous roots. Oil cells were found in Alpinia spp. and members of the tribe Zingibereae. Starch grains were also found in the parenchymatous cortex and medulla in Hedychium. The perforation plates of the tracheary elements were scalariform to simple. Anatomical characters of the roots in Zingiberaceae could not only help in the identification of the plant species but also in authenticating plant materials used in medicine. A phylogenetic analysis of anatomical characters provided information regarding the closely allied species and could be further confirmed by molecular techniques.
COMPOSTING OF ARECA NUT LEAF SHEATH AND ITS EFFECTS ON GROWTH AND BIOCHEMICAL CONTENTS OF VIGNA UNGUICULATA L
(INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PUBLIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, 2015) Uma Maheswari P; Saranya M; Agnes K; Kanchana M
Landfills and incineration have until now been the most widely used means of solid waste disposal throughout the world. The land filling of biodegradable waste is proven to contribute to the environmental degradation, mainly through the production of highly polluting leachate and methane gas. A large amount of Areca nut leaf sheath waste was dumped by the areca nut plate manufacturing industry. Thus the present investigation was carried out to find out the sustainable technology to make wealth out of waste. Therefore, five different composts were developed with the combinations of soil, areca nut waste, effective microbes, vermicompost and studied their nutrient value as an organic manure using Vigna unguiculata L. Several physicochemical parameters such as pH, C/N ratio, protein, carbohydrate, and chlorophyll are studied after compost maturation. Among five different combinations of compost, S4 (Areca nut+ soil) compost shows the following parameters: pH: 5.4, C/N ratio (24.8: 1), chlorophyll (3.002 mg/g), carbohydrate (3.21 µg/mg), and protein (13.95 µg/mg).
CORRELATION ANALYSIS OF HMW SUB-UNITS AND BAKING QUALITY RELATED TRAITS IN INDIAN WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM.L)
(Akademiai kiados, 2013-02-12) K, Gajalakshmi
High molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunits and baking quality-related traits were studied in 50 Indian wheat landraces. Scoring of germplasm based on electrophoresis patterns using the Payne method showed that the quality scores varied from 4 to 8. Based on this scoring, 13 cultivars were ranked as superior. Cluster analysis based on electrophoresis patterns and Jaccard similarity criteria divided the cultivars into five groups, with 13 cultivars in the first cluster. There was no similarity between the grouping pattern based on HMW glutenin sub-units and quality-related traits. In the present study, the quality of the flour of six wheat varieties was weak, so these varieties were only suitable for biscuit making. The flour of 31 wheat varieties showed medium strength. The remaining 13 wheat varieties had strong flour. Considering the great variation observed for quality-related traits and HMW glutenin sub-units, it can be concluded that these cultivars are potential sources of desirable quality traits for use in bread wheat breeding programmes to improve bread-making quality
EFFECTS OF ALCOHOLISM ON NUTRITION AND RECOVERY USING NUTRITION MANAGEMENT IN ROMA TOWNSHIP- LUSAKA
(Eureka Journals, 2023) Sakthivel R; Subhashini S
Alcohol is a product that has provided a variety of functions for people throughout all history. From the ancient times to the modern world, alcohol has played ansignificantrole in religion and worship. In the past, alcoholic beverages have been provided as sources of requirednutrients and have been widely utilizedas for their medicinal, antiseptic and analgesic properties. The aim and objective of this project was to look at nutritional problems created by consumption of alcoholic beverages, to look at the effect of alcohol on vitamins and to show how ones genes will affect their response to alcohol. This research was conducted in Serenity Harm Reduction Program Zambia (SHARPZ).
ENGINEERING SUGARCANE CULTIVARS WITH BOVINE PANCREATIC TRYPSIN INHIBITOR (APROTININ) GENE FOR PROTECTION AGAINST TOP BORER (SCIRPOPHAGA EXCERPTALIS WALKER)
(Springer-Verlag, 2009-02-01) Leela Amala Christy; S, Arvinth; M, Saravanakumar; M, Kanchana; N, Mukunthan; J, Srikanth; George Thomas; N, Subramonian
The inhibitory activity of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (aprotinin), a natural polypeptide and a proteinase inhibitor, was demonstrated on gut proteinases of three lepidopteran borers of sugarcane using commercially available aprotinin. A synthetic gene coding for aprotinin, designed and codon optimized for better expression in plant system (Shantaram 1999), was transferred to two sugarcane cultivars namely CoC 92061 and Co 86032 through particle bombardment. Aprotinin gene expression was driven by maize ubiquitin promoter and the plant selection marker used was hygromycin resistance. The integration, expression and functionality of the transgene was confirmed by Southern, Western and insect bioassay, respectively. Southern analysis showed two to four integration sites of the transgene in the transformed plants. Independent transgenic events showed varied levels of transgene expression