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AUXIN PRETREATMENT PROMOTES REGENERATION OF SUGARCANE (SACCHARUM SPP. HYBRIDS) MIDRIB SEGMENT EXPLANTS
(Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2006-11-01) Franklin G; Arvinth S; Sheeba C J; Kanchana M; Subramonian N
We have developed a new, simple, quick and genotype-independent method for direct regeneration of sugarcane using novel midrib segment explants. Our protocol involves two steps: the pretreatment of starting material on MS (Murashige and Skoog (1962) Physiol Plant 15:473–497) medium containing 3.0 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) for 8 days under continuous dark and subsequent transfer of the explants to MS medium augmented with 0.1 mg/l benzyladenine (BA) and 0.1 mg/l naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) under light-dark conditions. On the regeneration medium, numerous globular structures appeared from the explants and subsequently differentiated into shoots. Regenerated shoots attained 2–5 cm height within 30 days of culture initiation and readily rooted on MS basal medium. Hardened plants were successfully established in the greenhouse. The regulation of sugarcane morphogenesis by auxin pretreatment is discussed
RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF WHEAT DOUGH IN SOME HEXAPLOID INDIAN WHEAT VARIETIES
(Akademiai kiados, 2007-06-01) K, Gajalakshmi; V R K, Reddy
The dough characteristics of fifty popular Indian hexaploid wheat varieties were assessed by testing various rheological properties using a Brabender Farinograph and an Extensograph. These studies were aimed at evaluating the flour quality and functionality of the wheat dough. Based on the rheological dough properties of 50 Indian hexaploid wheat varieties it was recommended that 13 wheats could be useful for blending purposes, 31 varieties could be used for both bread and chapatti making, and the remaining 6 wheats were found suitable for biscuit making. The outcome of the experiments will be useful for plant breeders, millers and bakers.
ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL MORPHOLOGY IN SPOROPHYTE OF PSILOTUM NUDUM
(Phytomorphology: An International Journal of Plant Morphology, Scientific Publishers, 2009) Muthukumar T; Sathiyadash K; Uma E; Muniappan V
The mycorrhizal structures of the sporophyte of Psilotum nudum were studied by light microscopy. Further, the nature of the fungal associate was characterized through trap-culture technique. The fungal entry into the rhizome was mainly through the rhizoids with occasional direct entry through the epidermis. The fungal colonization resembling the Paristype of mycorrhiza was restricted to the cortex with the rhizome tip and the stele free of any colonization. The transversing hyphae formed coils in the host cells with intracellular vesicles, but arbuscules were absent. Single hyphae arising from the coils penetrated the neighbouring cells with a hyphal constriction at the host cell wall region. Intact and collapsed hyphal coils were found in different cells and no recolonization of the host cells was observed. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spores belonging to Acaulospora scrobiculata, Glomus aggregatum and Glomus geosporum were isolated from the trap cultures and also from the soil in which P. nudum occurred
ENGINEERING SUGARCANE CULTIVARS WITH BOVINE PANCREATIC TRYPSIN INHIBITOR (APROTININ) GENE FOR PROTECTION AGAINST TOP BORER (SCIRPOPHAGA EXCERPTALIS WALKER)
(Springer-Verlag, 2009-02-01) Leela Amala Christy; S, Arvinth; M, Saravanakumar; M, Kanchana; N, Mukunthan; J, Srikanth; George Thomas; N, Subramonian
The inhibitory activity of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (aprotinin), a natural polypeptide and a proteinase inhibitor, was demonstrated on gut proteinases of three lepidopteran borers of sugarcane using commercially available aprotinin. A synthetic gene coding for aprotinin, designed and codon optimized for better expression in plant system (Shantaram 1999), was transferred to two sugarcane cultivars namely CoC 92061 and Co 86032 through particle bombardment. Aprotinin gene expression was driven by maize ubiquitin promoter and the plant selection marker used was hygromycin resistance. The integration, expression and functionality of the transgene was confirmed by Southern, Western and insect bioassay, respectively. Southern analysis showed two to four integration sites of the transgene in the transformed plants. Independent transgenic events showed varied levels of transgene expression
OPTIMIZATION OF EXTRACELLULAR ALKALINE PROTEASE ENZYME FROM BACILLUS SP
(The bioscan, 2010) Kanchana M; Padmavathy S
An alkalophilic bacterium, Bacillus sp produced an extracellular alkaline protease, which was found to be active at high temperature and pH range, suitable for commercial laundry detergents. The four substrates viz., soyabean meal, egg albumin, groundnut cake and bengal gram powder were used for increasing the production of enzyme. Among the four substrate used bengal gram, the best substrate for optimization, showed the highest enzyme activity. The physical and chemical parameters were also optimized. The maximum enzyme activity under optimum conditions was obtained with incubation period 24-48h incubation temperature 50ºC, initial pH 10.0, inoculum level 2%. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity by procedures including ammonium sulphate precipitation and acetone precipitation. The purified enzyme had specific activity 7355µg of amino acid released per mg of protein
INFLUENCE OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS ON ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI
(Nova Science Publisher, 2010) Uma E; Jaison S; Muthukumar T
The numerous benefits contributed by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi has lead to recognition of their benefits in sustainable agriculture and various natural environmental processes. Application of anthropogenic and other compounds intentionally in the form of pesticides, fungicides, fertilizers or unintentionally like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) which affect soil fungi have shown varying effects on AM association. Not all organic pollutants are detrimental to AM fungi. Some fungicides such as Fludioxonil have a stimulatory effect on mycorrhizal formation and function. Rapid decrease in the metabolic activity of AM fungi, a decline in arbuscule production, which is the main site of nutrient exchange between the host plant and the fungus, reduction in the total root length colonized and slow colonization rates are the negative effects shown by certain fungicides. Pesticides generally inhibit AM colonization and spore numbers. Slow release mineral fertilizers though benefit AM fungi, their excessive use can result in suppression of the AM fungi. Certain PAH especially anthracene reduce the development of extra radical mycelium, sporulation, root colonization and spore germination. Different AM fungal species show differential sensitivity even within a particular class of organic pollutant. Caution should also be exercised while irrigating soils with effluents as these could affect AM fungi. A reduction in our dependency on conventional agricultural practices especially organic pesticides by using AM fungi as a biological tool which is possible only by maintaining low levels of organic pollutants in the soil. Minimal use of organic pollutants especially pesticides would enable the maintenance of a healthy AM fungal populations essential for sustainable plant production systems.
MYCORRHIZAL AND DARK SEPTATE FUNGAL ASSOCIATIONS IN GINGERS AND SPIRAL GINGERS
(Botany, 2010-05-05) Uma E; Muthukumar T; Sathiyadash K; Muniappan V
Associations of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and dark septate endophyte (DSE) fungi with 38 ginger species (Zingiberaceae) and two spiral gingers (Costaceae) were investigated. All species were mycorrhizal, and the status of 35 gingers and one spiral ginger has been investigated for the first time. The extent of AM colonization and the root length colonized by AM structures varied significantly among species. AM structures were also observed in non-root portions such as scale leaves. Arbuscular mycorrhizae were of either Aram-type or intermediate- type; AM-type is reported for the first time in 37 species. Spores of 16 morphotypes belonging to 4 genera (Glomus, Acaulospora, Scutellospora, Racocetra) were identified from the rhizosphere soil. DSE colonization was found in 22 gingers and 2 spiral gingers. Twenty-two plant species are reported as hosts of DSE fungi for the first time. The extent of total AM and DSE colonization was not correlated
ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL AND DARK SEPTATE ENDOPHYTE FUNGAL ASSOCIATIONS IN SOUTH INDIAN GRASSES
(Symbiosis, 2010-10-21) Sathiyadash K; Muthukumar T; Uma E
We examined arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and dark septate endophyte (DSE) fungal association in 50 south Indian grasses from four different sites. AM fungal diversity was also compared among the different sites. Forty-four of the 50 grasses examined had AM association and dual association with DSE fungi occurred in 25 grasses. We report for the first time AM and DSE fungal status in 23 and 27 grasses respectively. Arum-type AM morphology was the dominant occurring in 21 grasses with typical Paris-type colonization occurring in 6 grasses. AM morphology is reported for the first time in 35 grasses. Over the different sites, spore density in the soil ranged from 5–22 per 100 g air-dried soil. Spores of 11 AM fungal taxa were isolated from the soil samples of grasses of which nine belonged to Glomus, one to Acaulospora and one to Scutellospora. No significant relationship existed between AM fungal colonization and spore numbers. Species richness was high in site II and Glomus aggregatum, Glomus viscosum and Glomus mosseae were most frequent species at different sites. Overall species diversity indices (Simpson index, Shannon-Weaver index, species equitability index) differed significantly between sites
ROLE OF ORGANIC AMENDMENTS ON ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FORMATION AND FUNCTION
(Nova Science Publishers, 2011) Jaison S; Uma E; Muthukumar T
The last two decades have seen a renewed interest in organic farming and amelioration of soils affected by conventional agriculture. Different types of organic substances like farmyard manures, green manures, composts, sludges and effluents are added to the soil to enhance fertility. These organic amendments influence soil microbial populations and function. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are an integral component of most agricultural and natural systems, and provide a range of benefit to the host plant. The prime benefit of AM fungi to plants include improved nutrition especially phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) in nutrient stressed soils. Other non-nutritional benefits include improved water relations, enhanced resistance to soil-borne pathogens, improved drought resistance, heavy metal tolerance and soil structure. As most crop and horticultural plants are mycorrhizal any factors that influence AM fungi affects plant growth and productivity. Organic amendments improve plant mycorrhization, AM fungal spore numbers and their diversity. However, certain organic sources rich in certain chemicals like phenols inhibit mycorrhization. The effect of organic amendments on AM fungi depends on the composition of the organic sources.
ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIAL OF GLORY LILY, GLORIOSASUPERBA, LINN
(International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 2011-03) H, Rehanabanu; N, Nagarajan
The successive Soxhlet extract of Gloriosasuperba, L. (Liliaceae) was extracted using acetone, dichloromethane, chloroform and methanol in ascending order of the polarity. The extracts were investigated for their antibacterial activity against two Gram positive bacteria Streptococcus faecalisand Enterococcus faecalisand two Gram negative bacteria Klebsiellapneumoniaeand Proteus mirabilis by using disc diffusion method. Among the four extracts tested, acetone extract had effective antibacterial potential, followed by methanol extract at 25 and 100% concentration against Enterococcus faecalis. The acetone extract showed greater activity against Gram-positive than against Gram-negative organisms. The study confirms the antibacterial potential of Gloriosasuperbaleaves extracted using various solvents, and is therefore, a potential drug that requires further studies and development
IN-VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL OF HIBISCUS ROSA-SINENSIS FLOWER EXTRACT AGAINST HUMAN PATHOGENS
(Elsevier, 2011-03-21) Ruban P; Gajalakshmi K
To access the in vitro antibacterial activity of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (H. rosa- sinensis) flower extract against human pathogens
MORPHOLOGY, ANATOMY AND MYCORRHIZAE IN SUBTERRANEAN PARTS OF ZEUXINE GRACILIS (ORCHIDACEAE)
(University of Murcia, Spain-Anales de Biologia, 2011-12-14) Muthukumar T; Uma E; Karthikeyan A; Sathiyadash K; Jaison S; Priyadharsini P; Ishworani C; Muniappan V
Zeuxine gracilis (Berda) Bl., is an endemic, terrestrial green orchid whose morphology, anatomy and mycorrhizal status is unknown. So we investigated: (a) root and rhizome anatomy; (b) root hair characteristics and mycorrhizal colonization patterns in Z. gracilis plants collected from Western Ghats region of southern India. The prominent anatomical characters in the roots were: absence of velamen, spiranthosomes, and the presence of single layered exodermis and nine arched protoxylem. The rhizome had an uniseriate epidermis, abundant spiranthosomes in the inner cortical cells, a distinct endodermis with casparian strips and biseriate vascular bundles. The presence of fungi both in the roots and rhizomes was revealed. The entry of fungi was chiefly through root hairs and through epidermis in the rhizome. Fungi formed pelotons and monilioid cells in the root cortex. Additionally, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi characterized by the presence of aseptate hyphae, vesicles and spores were present occasionally in roots. The lack of arbuscules in Z. gracilis indicated the AM to be non functional.
MORPHOLOGY, ANATOMY AND MYCORRHIZAE IN SUBTERRANEAN PARTS OF ZEUXINE GRACILIS (ORCHIDACEAE)
(Anales de Biología, 2011-12-14) Muthukumar T; Uma E; Karthikeyan A; Sathiyadash K; Sarah Jaison; Priyadharsini P; Ishworani C; Muniappan V
Zeuxine gracilis (Berda) Bl., is an endemic, terrestrial green orchid whose morphology, anatomy and mycorrhizal status is unknown. So we investigated: (a) root and rhizome anatomy; (b) root hair characteristics and mycorrhizal colonization patterns in Z. gracilis plants collected from Western Ghats region of southern India. The prominent anatomical characters in the roots were: absence of velamen, spiranthosomes, and the presence of single layered exodermis and nine arched protoxylem. The rhizome had an uniseriate epidermis, abundant spiranthosomes in the inner cortical cells, a distinct endodermis with casparian strips and biseriate vascular bundles. The presence of fungi both in the roots and rhizomes was revealed. The entry of fungi was chiefly through root hairs and through epidermis in the rhizome. Fungi formed pelotons and monilioid cells in the root cortex. Additionally, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi characterized by the presence of aseptate hyphae, vesicles and spores were present occasionally in roots. The lack of arbuscules in Z. gracilis indicated the AM to be non functional
STUDIES ON IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL PROPERTY OF ECBOLIUM VIRIDE (FORSK) MERRILL
(International Journal of Current Science, 2012) S, Subhashini; T V, Poonguzhali
Ecbolium viride an indigenous plant of Eastern India, its known for anti-inflammatory and anti-helmintic property. It was analyzed for its antimicrobial property. The antibacterial property of methanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform of E. viride was studied against different bacteria include Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Micrococcus luteus. The antifungal property of methanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts of Ecbolium viride was studied against different fungus which includes Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis. The extracts were screened for their antimicrobial activity using in vitro well diffusion method at concentrations ranging of 250-1000 μg/mL. Inhibitory zones were pronounced in methanol. Maximum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was tested using broth dilution method at concentrations ranging from 100 to 1000 μg/mL. Significant antibacterial and antifungal activity was observed in methanol extract of E. viride leaves
LIPASE PRODUCTION BY ASPERGILLUS TERREUS USING COTTON SEED OIL AS CARBON SOURCE
(Plant Archives, 2012) Sumathi R; Meerabai R S
Fungi isolated from soil were screened for exogenous lipolytic activity. The highest lipase activity was found in an isolate of Aspergillus terreus. Optimal cultural conditions influencing the growth and production of extra cellular lipase from this fungus was investigated. The lipase yield was maximum on day 5 of incubation when the medium was supplemented with maltose and cotton seed oil as sole carbon source and potassium nitrate as nitrogen source at pH 7 and at temperature of 40°C
BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM COTTON SEED OIL USING ALKALI CATALYST AND ITS CHARACTERIZATION
(Asian Journal of Bio Science, 2012) Sumathi R; Meerabai R S
Biodiesel production has received considerable attention in the past as a biodegradable and non-polluting fuel. The production of biodiesel by transesterification process employing alkali catalyst has been widely accepted for its high conversion and reaction rates. In India, edible oils like sunflower, mustard, palm, cotton seed oil, groundnut oil etc., are available in abundance, which can be converted to biodiesel. In the present study, biodiesel has been prepared from cotton seed oil. As the acid value is less than two, it is easily converted to biodiesel by transesterification process. The experimental work revealed the suitability of sodium hydroxide/potassium hydroxide and methanol as solvent for maximum methanolysis at 60-70°C in 45 minutes. Properties of biodiesel are in concordance with international standards.
TREE SPECIES AS HOSTS FOR ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL AND DARK SEPTATE ENDOPHYTE FUNGI
(Journal of Forestry Research, 2012) Uma E; Sathiyadash K; Loganathan J; Muthukumar T
A survey of 35 tree species (belonging to 28 genera in 19 families) in Aliyar, South India was carried out to ascertain their arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and dark septate endophyte (DSE) fungal status. All the tree species examined had AM association. AM and DSE colonization is reported for the first time in 20 and 14 species respectively. Cooccurrence of AM and DSE was observed in 14 (40%) tree species. The extent of DSE colonization was inversely related to the extent of AM fungal colonization. Six tree species had Arum-type, 18 had intermediate type and 11 had typical Paris-type AM morphology. AM fungal spore morphotypes belonging to 11 species in two genera were isolated from the rhizosphere soil. AM fungal spore numbers were not related to the extent of AM colonization and Glomus dominated spore diversity. AM association individually and along with DSE were found respectively in the 63% and 44% of the economically important tree species. The occurrence of AM and DSE fungal association in economically important indigenous tree species indicates the possibility of exploiting this association in future conservation programmes of these species.
MYCORRHIZAL ASSOCIATION AND MORPHOLOGY IN ORCHIDS
(Journal of Plant Interactions, 2012) K, Sathiyadash; T, Muthukumar; E, Uma; R R, Pandey
We investigated the mycorrhizal associations in 31 adult wild or cultivated green orchids (22 epiphytic, 8 terrestrial, and 1 species with both epiphytic and lithophytic life-forms) from different vegetation types of Western Ghats, southern India. All the orchids examined were mycorrhizal with the extent of colonization varying with species and life-forms. Mycorrhizal association has been reported for the first time in 25 orchids. The entry of mycorrhizal fungi into the roots was mostly through root hairs. In certain epiphytic species, the fungal entry was directly through the epidermis. The fungi formed highly coiled hyphal structures (pelotons) within the root cortex, and their size was related to the cell size. The fungal invasion of the cortical cells was through cell-to-cell penetration. The cortical cells contained intact and lysed pelotons, and their ratio varied with species and life-forms. No significant relationship existed between root hair characteristics and the extent of colonization. Chlamydospores and microsclerotia-like structure were frequently found within the cortical and root hair cells. The liberation of fungal reproductive structures was by spiral dehiscence of the root hairs
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING FOR ACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN GLORIOSASUPERBA LEAVES AND TUBERS
(International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 2012-03) H, Rehanabanu; N, Nagarajan
Gloriosasuperba Linn. (Family: Liliaceae) is one of the endangered species among the medicinal plants which is a striking tuberous climbing plant with brilliant wavy-edged yellow and red flowers common in forest throughout India and in Andaman Islands. The objective of this study was to evaluate the phytoconstituents of Gloriosasuperba leaf and tuber extracts. All experiments were conducted following standard procedures. The results revealed the presence of various classes of compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, steroids, phenols and tannins. Resins was not detected from any of the extract under study. The results of the various phytochemical tests indicated that the plant to be rich in various biologically active compounds which could serve as potential source of the crude drugs that can be used as a complementary source of traditional medicines. We recommend further research on this plant for possible isolation and characterization of the various chemical active substances.
PATTERNS OF ENDORHIZAL FUNGAL ASSOCIATIONS IN FRUIT CROPS OF SOUTHERN INDIA
(WILEY-J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci, 2012-03-22) Sarah Jaison; Krishnasamy Rajeswari; Thangavelu Muthukumar
A survey on the endorhizalstatus of 39 fruit crops of 25 families, indicatedthat 22 fruit crops had arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM)–, four had dark septate endophyte (DSE)–fungal association, and 13 had dual colonization of AM and DSE fungi. Fruit crops were capable of forming Arum-, Paris-, or intermediate-types of AM morphologies of which intermediate-type was common. To our knowledge, we report for the first time AM in 10 fruit crops and DSE-fungal association in 17 fruit crops. The extent of AM- and DSE-fungal colonization ranged from 41% to 98% and < 1% to 89.9%, respectively, in different fruit crops. Arbuscular mycorrhizal–fungal spore numbers in the rhizosphere ranged from 6 to 61 spores per 25 g of soil. Arbuscular mycorrhizal– fungal spores belonging to Acaulospora, Glomus, and Scutellospora were isolated from the rhizosphere soil.