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ROBUST MODEL TO IMPROVE THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN IEEE 802.15.4 SENSOR NETWORK
(International Journal of Control Theory and Applications, 2016) Sophia Reena, G; Nedunchezhian, R
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are among the very promising solutions for several practical applications. Currently, WSNs have also found their application in the case of industrial scenarios, even for crucial applications. There are two significant requirements for an efficient deployment of WSNs such as energy efficiency and reliability. In this paper, robust model is proposed to enhance the energy efficiency in IEEE 802.15.4 sensor networks. The robust model is tending to restrict collisions and optimizing the access parameters without changing the existing architecture of MAC protocol.
EFFICACY OF PLEUROTUS SAJOR CAJU AS AN EXCELLENT POTTING MEDIUM FORGARDEN PLANTS
(International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 2016) Harathi, P; Radha, R; Gayathri, M
Coir is a natural fibre found between the hard, internal shell and the outer coat of a coconut is used as a by-product of the coir manufacturing industry. Normally, they are dumped as agricultural wastes in the fields or disposed by burning which causes air pollution. Composting of coir pith is an alternate method to reduce pollution and it also serves as a source for the maintenance of organic matter of the soil. Coir pith is an ideal soil re-conditioner and soil substrate with excellent water holding capacity. Coir pith contains high quality of nutrients which keeps the soil healthy in a natural way. It acts as a top dressing that helps to maintain moisture content of the soil and re-conditions the soil. The proportion yielded effective growth of the plant and indicating its use as an excellent potting media for garden plants. Hence the objective of the present study focused on the efficacy of basidiomycetes fungus, Pleurotus sajor-caju for the cultivation of medicinal plant, Ocimum santum using the biodegraded coir pith
ASSESSMENT OF COMPETENCE OF THE PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA TO SOLUBILIZE INSOLUBLE FORM OF ZINC UNDER VARIOUS CULTURAL PARAMETERS
(Springer Link, 2016) Padma Devi, S N; Sunitha kumari, K; Vasandha, S
Efficiency of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to solubilize insoluble form of zinc to soluble form was studied under various cultural parameters such as carbon (glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose and lactose), nitrogen (ammonium sulphate, sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate and urea), pH (5.0, 7.0 and 9.0) and temperature (20, 30 and 40°C). The experimental study was carried out by both qualitative (plate assay) and quantitative (broth assay) methods. The Zn-solubilizing efficiency of the isolate was found more when glucose was added as C-source in both plate (150 %) and broth (16.62 mg/l) assays, and the efficiency was less in the medium amended with sucrose as carbon source in both qualitative (105.8 %) and quantitative (2.56 mg/l) estimation. Among the four nitrogen sources, P. aeruginosa showed best solubilizing efficiency (262.5 %) and solubilization of Zn (29.91 mg/l) in the presence of ammonium sulphate and recorded least solubilization efficiency in the presence of sodium nitrate as nitrogen source in both plate (181.82 %) and broth (21.92 mg/l) assays. It showed highest solubilization of zinc from ZnO at the incubation temperature of 30°C, and the activity was less at the temperature of 40°C. pH 7 was the most favourable pH for solubilization, and the efficacy was least when the pH reached its alkalinity. Thus the study confirmed the efficiency of P. aeruginosa to solubilize insoluble form of zinc and can be used as a source of bioinoculants to eradicate zinc deficiency in plants.
STOP CONSONANT-SHORT VOWEL (SCSV) CLASSIFICATION FOR TAMIL SPEECH UTTERANCES
(Praise Worthy Prize, 2016) Veeranan, Karpagavalli; Chandra, E
Tamil Language is one of the ancient Dravidian languages spoken in south India. Most of the Indian languages are syllabic in nature and syllables are in the form of Consonant-Vowel (CV) units. In Tamil language, CV pattern occurs in the beginning, middle and end of a word. In this work, CV units formed with Stop Consonant – Short Vowel (SCSV) were considered for classification task. The work carried out in three stages, Vowel Onset Point (VOP) detection, CV segmentation and classification. VOP is an event at which the consonant part ends and vowel part begins. VOPs are identified using linear Prediction residuals which provide significant characteristics of the excitation source. To segment the CV units, fixed length spectral frames before and after VOPs are considered. Both production based features - Linear Predictive Cepstral Coefficients (LPCC) and perception based features - Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) are extracted and given as input to the classifiers designed with multilayer perceptron and support vector machine. A speech corpus of 200 Tamil words uttered by 15 native speakers was used, which covers all SCSV units formed with Tamil stop consonants (/k/,/ch/,/d/,/t/,/p/) and short vowels (/a/,/i/, /u/, /e/, /o/). The classifiers are trained and tested for its performance using various measures. The results indicate that the model built with MFCC using support vector machine RBF kernel outperforms
SOYA BEAN OIL BASED POLYURETHANES FOR CORROSION INHIBITION OF MILD STEEL IN ACID MEDIUM
(Taylor & Francis Online, 2016) Valarmathi, Eswaramoorthi; Saranya, Jagadeesan; Sounthari, Palanisamy; Parameswari, Kandhasamy; Subramanian, Chitra
Polyurethanes synthesized from soya bean oil were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction and energy-dispersion X-ray analysis methods. Thermal stability of the polyurethanes was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. The corrosion inhibition effect of polyurethanes on mild steel in 1 M H2SO4 was studied using weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy methods. The effect of temperature on the corrosion behaviour of mild steel was studied in the temperature range (303–333 K) with optimum inhibitor concentration. The adsorption of the inhibitors was found to obey the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. It was found that the inhibition efficiency increased with increase in concentration but decreased with increase in temperature. The associated activation energy and other thermodynamic parameters such as adsorption–desorption equilibrium constant (Kads), standard free energy of adsorption (ΔG), enthalpy of adsorption (ΔH) and entropy of adsorption (ΔS) were calculated to elaborate the corrosion inhibition mechanism. Surface morphology of the mild steel plate immersed in 1 M H2SO4 was characterized by SEM and AFM techniques.
SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, SINGLE-CRYSTAL XRD, AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF NICKEL(II) SALEN SULFADIAZINE COMPLEX
(Taylor & Francis Online, 2016) Jone Kirubavathy, S; Velmurugan, R; Tamilarasan, B; Karvembu, R; Bhuvanesh, N S P; Chitra, S
Nickel(II) salen sulfadiazine complex was prepared and characterised by the spectral studies such as FT-IR, UV-Vis and NMR, and single-crystal XRD. The nickel(II) complex was screened for in vitro antimicrobial activities against various test organisms Aeromonas hydrophila, Serratia marcescens, Bacillus licheniform, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumanii, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans by the well diffusion method and in vitro anticancer activity against the human breast cancer cell line HeLa. The NiO obtained by the thermal decomposition of Ni (salen) sulfadiazine complex was characterised using TEM images and their SAED pattern
A SURVEY ON WEB VIDEO CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DESCRIPTOR
(International Journal of Control Theory and Applications, 2016) Amsaveni, R; Nedunchezhian, R
Videos are a highly efficient and expressive media capable of capturing and presenting information. Every day, huge numbers of videos are uploaded online. In the field of computers, recognition of actions and scenes in videos based on web is one among the most critical problems. For the purpose of solving this issue in the identification and classification of videos, and the computing of the descriptors for videos is a significant job. It comprises of extraction of characteristics that represents the essential information present in the videos. This work yields a review of the research conducted recently in video analysis, inclusive of descriptor computation and recognition along with the classification of videos. Finally, an outline on the future scope on descriptor based video classification is also presented.
TRAGIA PLUKENETII EXTRACT AS AN ECO-FRIENDLY INHIBITOR FOR MILD STEEL CORROSION IN HCL 1 M ACIDIC MEDIUM
(Springer Link, 2016) Mayakrishnan, Prabakaran; Seung-Hyun, Kim; Venkatesan, Hemapriya; Ill-Min, Chung
A Tragia plukenetii (T. plukenetii) plant extract for use as a low-cost and efficient corrosion inhibitor for mild steel (MS) in 1 M HCl medium has been studied using various methods involving weight loss calculation, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and Tafel polarization. The maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency was found to be 88 % at 500 ppm. It was found that the T. plukenetii extract’s inhibition efficiency increased with the inhibitor concentration. The polarization measurement showed that the T. plukenetii plant extract acts as good mixed-type inhibitor. Thermodynamic investigations showed the change in enthalpy, entropy, and free energy. The adsorption mechanism of the extract was investigated using UV–Visible, FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, and wide-angle X-ray diffraction studies. The inhibitor solution, investigated on the basis of the atomic absorption spectra for MS, revealed decreased dissolution of Fe in the presence of the plant extract. Surface analysis of the metal with and without the plant extract was carried out by using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.
IDENTIFICATION OF RARE GENETIC DISORDER FROM SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE VARIANTS USING SUPERVISED LEARNING TECHNIQUE
(Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science (IAES), 2016) Sathyavikasini, K; Vijaya, M S
Muscular dystrophy is a rare genetic disorder that affects the muscular system which deteriorates the skeletal muscles and hinders locomotion. In the finding of genetic disorders such as Muscular dystrophy, the disease is identified based on mutations in the gene sequence. A new model is proposed for classifying the disease accurately using gene sequences, mutated by adopting positional cloning on the reference cDNA sequence. The features of mutated gene sequences for missense, nonsense and silent mutations aims in distinguishing the type of disease and the classifiers are trained with commonly used supervised pattern learning techniques.10-fold cross validation results show that the decision tree algorithm was found to attain the best accuracy of 100%. In summary, this study provides an automatic model to classify the muscular dystrophy disease and shed a new light on predicting the genetic disorder from gene based features through pattern recognition model.
ACENAPHTHO[1,2-B]QUINOXALINE AND ACENAPHTHO[1,2-B]PYRAZINE AS CORROSION INHIBITORS FOR MILD STEEL IN ACID MEDIUM
(Elsevier, 2016-01) Saranya, J; Sounthari, P; Parameswari, K; Chitra, S
The corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 1 M H2SO4 using acenaphtho[1,2-b]quinoxaline and acenaphtho[1,2-b]pyrazine at 303–333 K have been investigated. The study was performed using weight loss method, potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Polarization measurements proved that the inhibitors behave as mixed-type. EIS data showed that the charge transfer resistance of mild steel increases in acid solution containing inhibitors. The surface morphology was evaluated using scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. Density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) basis set level was performed. Excellent correlation was found between experimental and theoretical results.
ZINC SOLUBILIZING BACTERIAL ISOLATES FROM THE AGRICULTURAL FIELDS OF COIMBATORE, TAMIL NADU, INDIA
(Current Science, 2016-01) Sunithakumari, K; Padma Devi, S N; Vasandha, S
Zinc plays a pivotal role in physiological and biochemical functions of the plants. Both quantitative and qualitative yield of the plants are strongly dependent on this micronutrient. Supplementation of zinc in the form of synthetic fertilizer is proved to be inappropriate due to its unavailability to plants. This crisis can be prevented by the identification of rhizospheric micro-organisms which has the potential to transform various unavailable forms of the metal to available forms. In the present study about thirty five zinc solubilizing bacteria were isolated from eight different agricultural fields (banana, chilli, field bean, ground nut, maize, sugarcane, sorghum and tomato) in and around Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu. Five isolates were selected as best strains based on their solubilization efficacy in the qualitative estimation. The selected five isolates were identified using 16S rRNA as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (ZSB-1), Mycobacterium brisbanense (ZSB-10), Enterobacter aerogenes (ZSB-13), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ZSB22) and Xanthomonas retroflexus (ZSB-23). These strains were subjected to further studies such as quantitative estimation, influence of the isolates on the pH of the medium and production of gluconic acid as well as IAA. Of the five bacterial isolates, Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed maximum solubilization of zinc in the broth and also maximum decrease in the pH from 7 to 3.3 and recorded highest IAA production. HPLC analysis of gluconic acid production by the selected isolates indicated their potential to solubilize zinc.
HIGHLY EFFICIENT LIGULARIA FISCHERI GREEN EXTRACT FOR THE PROTECTION AGAINST CORROSION OF MILD STEEL IN ACIDIC MEDIUM: ELECTROCHEMICAL AND SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATIONS
(Elsevier, 2016-02) Mayakrishnan, Prabakaran; Seung-Hyun, Kim; Kathirvel, Kalaiselvi; Venkatesan, Hemapriya; Ill-Min, Chung
A methanol extract of Ligularia fischeri was studied for its inhibitive effect on the corrosion of mild steel in a 1 M hydrochloric acid medium, using the metrics of weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The corrosion rate of mild steel and Ligularia fischeri's inhibition efficiencies were calculated. The inhibition efficiency [η (%)] was observed to increase with increasing concentrations of Ligularia fischeri. A maximum inhibition efficiency of 92% was achieved using 500 ppm of the inhibitor. The weight loss experiments were performed at different temperatures to understand the thermodynamic mechanism of inhibition. A mixed inhibition mechanism was proposed for the effects of Ligularia fischeri extract, as revealed by the potentiodynamic polarization technique. A solution analysis by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) for mild steel showed decreased dissolution of iron in the presence of Ligularia fischeri. The adsorption mechanism and surface morphology of the mild steel, both with and without the inhibitor, were studied using UV–visible, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Raman, wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM).
CORROSION INHIBITION OF N80 STEEL IN 15% HCL BY PYRAZOLONE DERIVATIVES: ELECTROCHEMICAL, SURFACE AND QUANTUM CHEMICAL STUDIES
(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2016-02-23) Ansari, K R; Quraishi, M A; Ambrish, Singh; Sowmya, Ramkumar; Ime B, Obote
The corrosion protection of N80 steel in 15% HCl by two pyrazolone derivatives namely 2-(3-amino-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)(p-tolyl)methyl)malononitrile (PZ-1) and 2-((3-amino-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)(phenyl)methyl)malononitrile (PZ-2) has been investigated by using gravimetric, electrochemical and quantum chemical studies. The observed results reveal that PZ-1 is a better inhibitor than PZ-2. Tafel polarization showed that PZs are mixed type inhibitors but dominantly affect the cathodic reaction. Both inhibitors were found to obey the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) images support the protection of the N80 steel in the presence of the PZs. Quantum chemical study reveals that both inhibitors have a tendency to get protonated and this result supports the experimental observations.
ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND THE LEVEL OF NUTRIENT CONTENTS AS WELL AS HEAVY METAL IONS IN WATERS OF THREE LAKES AT COIMBATORE, TAMIL NADU, INDIA
(Journal of Materials and Environmental Science, 2016-02-26) Manikandan, R; Ezhili, N; Muthulakshmiandal, N; Paulo J. C, Favas; Venkatachalam, P
Lake water quality degradation and heavy metals pollution have been serious environmental threats for last decades, especially in those fresh water lakes situated in the vicinity of the cities and human habitations. The present study aimed to investigate the physicochemical parameters, level of nutrient contents and heavy metals to determine the water quality of Ukkadam, Kuruchi and Singanallur Lakes. All the physicochemical parameters except dissolved oxygen, sulphate, silicate and nitrate values were found above the prescribed limit as recommended by WHO (2011) and BIS (2003) drinking water quality. The concentrations of Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Niand Pb in waters of the selected three lakes ranged from 0.014 – 0.038, 0.145 – 0.063, 0.025 – 0.552, 0.100 – 3.460, 0.028 – 0.117 and 0.463 – 2.172 mg/L respectively. The concentrations of heavy metals except Cu were found to be higher than the permeable dose. This investigation revealed that the water in these lakes is partially contaminated with high level of heavy metals. It is recommended that proper implementation of new wetland waste management system and constant monitoring is urgently required to maintain good water quality in these lakes for future generation.
EFFICIENCY OF ASPERGILLUS TERREUS TO SOLUBILIZE INSOLUBLE FORM OF PHOSPHORUS INTO SOLUBLE FORM UNDER VARIOUS CULTURAL CONDITIONS
(International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 2016-03) Anitha, S; Padma Devi, S N
Phosphorous forms the second major nutrient required by the plants for its growth. It is supplied to the plants in the form of synthetic fertilizer which gets accumulated in the soil due its conversion into unavailable form. Transformation of unavailable form of phosphorus (P) to an available form becomes inevitable due to its physiological and biochemical role in plants. Since its deficiency results in the cessation of plant growth, supplementation of soluble form of phosphorus becomes essential. Fungus has the capability to convert insoluble form of phosphorus to soluble form through the secretion of organic acid as one of the solubilization mechanism. Thus in the present study, Aspergillus terreus was isolated from the rhizospheric soil sample of tomato field and was tested for its phosphorus solubilization efficacy by Broth assay method. The strain showed highest solubilization (7.5 mg/l) at the 10th day of incubation with the pH drop of 4.0. Solubilization efficacy of the isolate was high due to the secretion of organic acid (gluconic acid) which was confirmed by HPLC method. Effect of various parameters such as Carbon sources, Nitrogen sources, pH and Temperature on the solubilization of phosphorus by A. terreus was also tested. The strain showed maximum solubilization in the presence of fructose as carbon source, ammonium sulphate as a nitrogen source, at the temperature of 30ËšC and at the pH of 7.0 in both qualitative and quantitative assays. Thus A. terreus shall be used as a viable Bioinoculant to eradicate P- deficiency in plants.
EXISTENCE AND EXPONENTIAL STABILITY FOR NEUTRAL STOCHASTIC INTEGRODIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH IMPULSES DRIVEN BY A FRACTIONAL BROWNIAN MOTION
(Elsevier, 2016-03) Arthi, G; Ju H, Park; H Y, Jung
In this paper, we establish the results on existence and uniqueness of mild solution of impulsive neutral stochastic integrodifferential equations driven by a fractional Brownian motion. Further, by using an impulsive integral inequality, some novel sufficient conditions are derived to ensure the exponential stability of mild solution in the mean square moment. The results are obtained by utilizing the fractional power of operators and the semigroup theory. Finally, an example is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed result.
N-HETEROCYCLES AS CORROSION INHIBITORS FOR MILD STEEL IN ACID MEDIUM
(Elsevier, 2016-04) Jagadeesan, Saranya; Murugaiyan, Sowmiya; Palanisamy, Sounthari; Kandhasamy, Parameswari; Subramanian, Chitra; Kittusamy, Senthilkumar
The corrosion behavior of mild steel in 1 M H2SO4 was studied using 2,3-diphenylpyrazine (DP), 2,3-di(furan-2-yl)pyrazine (FP) and 2,3-di(furan-2-yl)quinoxaline (FQ) as inhibitors using weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) methods were utilized for surface characterization. The results showed that the three inhibitors possess excellent inhibition effect toward mild steel corrosion. The inhibitor molecules are adsorbed on the mild steel surface, blocking the reactive sites available for acid attack. Adsorption of the inhibitor was found to obey Langmuir isotherm. Electronic structure calculations were used to study the inhibition efficiency of the inhibitor molecules on Fe (100) surface. The calculated results are in agreement with the experimental findings.
NEW POSSIBILITY ON INZNO NANO THIN FILM FOR GREEN EMISSIVE OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES
(Elsevier, 2016-04) Sathish, Sugumaran; Mohd Noor, Bin Ahmad; Mohd, Faizal Jamlos; Chandar Shekar, Bellan; Sharmila, Chandran; Manoj, Sivaraj
Indium zinc oxide (InZnO) nano thin film was prepared from InZnO nanoparticles (NPs) by thermal evaporation technique. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed the presence of metal-oxide bond. X-ray diffraction pattern revealed the mixed phase structure. The presence of elements In, Zn and O were identified from energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Size of the NPs was found to be 171 and 263 nm by transmission electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy image showed the spherical shape uniform morphology with uniform distribution grains. Photoluminescence spectrum exhibited a broad green emission for InZnO nano thin film. The acquired results of structure, smooth morphology and photoluminescence property suggested that the InZnO nano thin film to be a promising material for room temperature green emissive optoelectronic, laser diodes, solar cells and other optical devices.
PHOSPHORUS SUPPLEMENTATION ALLEVIATION OF THE CADMIUM-INDUCED TOXICITY BY MODULATING OXIDATIVE STRESS MECHANISMS IN VETIVER GRASS [CHRYSOPOGON ZIZANIOIDES (L.) ROBERTY]
(ASCE Library, 2016-04-04) Manikandan, R; Ezhili, N; Venkatachalam, P
The present study describes the potential role of additional phosphorus (P) on alleviating cadmium (Cd)–induced toxicity in vetiver plants. The plant growth was significantly affected at Cd treatment compared to the control, while it increased by 13% with addition of P in the medium when compared with Cd treatment. Accumulation of Cd content in plants showed positive correlation with Cd and combination exposure, whereas it was slightly decreased at higher doses of combination treatments in roots compared to the shoot exposed to Cd. A decreased level of photosynthetic pigments was noticed with increasing the Cd concentrations, but it was slightly enhanced with Cd and P combination treatments over Cd treatment. Both hydrogen peroxide ( ) and malondialhyde (MDA) contents were found to be increased with increasing Cd dose. The antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX) activities were found to be increased at lower doses of Cd exposure, while they were slightly decreased at higher doses of Cd treatment. The ameliorating effect of P was confirmed by reduction of MDA contents, and antioxidative enzyme activities in shoot and root tissues. Isozyme banding pattern revealed the appearance of additional isoforms of SOD, CAT, and POX in leaf tissues grown in combination. These results together suggested that the P amendment with Cd may decrease the Cd-induced toxicity that could promote seedlings growth. The present protocol could be considered as novel technology for alleviation of heavy metal stress-induced toxicity in plants including Cd ions.
ORGANIC CULTIVATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS: INFLUENCE OF COMPOSTED COIR PITH ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF COLEUS FORSKOHLII (WILLD.) BRIQ
(Taylor & Francis Online, 2016-04-06) Padmadevi, S N; Meera Bai, R S; Prince William, S P M; Sunithakumari, K
Coleus forskohlii (willd.) Briq. is a native plant of India. The therapeutic properties of forskolin, the main diterpene constituent of this plant, contributed to the emergence of C. forskohlii as an important taxon in modern medicine. In the present study, composted coir pith (CCP) was used as an organic fertilizer and its effect on the growth, the primary metabolite, and secondary metabolite (forskolin) of C. forskohlii were studied. The CCP was amended to the soil in the plots at the rate of 5 t h−1 (T1), 10 t h−1 (T2), and 15 t h−1 (T3). The control plots were left unamended. It was found that CCP increased the growth and development of C. forskohlii in fields amended with 15 t h−1 (T3). The activity of the three prime soil enzymes, namely, urease, phosphatase, and dehydrogenase in the rhizosphere soil of C. forskohlii also increased with an increase in the quantum of CCP amended to the soil.