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    EXTRACTION, CHARACTERIZATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF MICROPLASTICS FROM LANDFILL SOIL (Article)
    (Kalpana Corporation, 2025-01) Vinod, Veena; Amritha P.S; Harathi P.B
    Recently, landfills have become the major sink of all the microplastic waste and hazardous materials that adhere to their surfaces. Hence, it is of utmost importance to detect and estimate the presence of microplastics in landfills to ascertain the fate and impact of these pollutants on the terrestrial environment. Therefore, in this study, the soil samples were collected from seven points of landfills from three layers, extracted using a standard protocol, examined under a stereomicroscope and identified using ATR-FTIR analysis. The abundance of microplastic was high in layer 1 with 64%. Fragments and fibers were abundant in all three layers. The microplastic of size range 0-1 mm were predominantly found in all the layers. Colours, such as white, transparent and blue, were abundant. In addition, the physico-chemical parameters of the site were also studied.
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    NON-INVASIVE MEASUREMENT OF SPOILAGE OF PACKED FISH USING HALOCHROMIC SENSOR (Article)
    (Emerald Publishing, 2025-02-21) Devarayan, Kesavan; Palanisamy, Yazhiniyan; Mohan, Gangeswar; Theivasigamani, Anand; Kandasamy, Sabariswaran; Sekar, Vimaladevi; Siluvai John, Evon Umesh; Sukumaran, Monikandon; Marimuthu, Ramar; Anjappan, Hema
    Purpose: This study aims to develop a pH-functional thin-film sensor for non-invasive measurement of spoilage of packed fish. Design/methodology/approach: At first, polymers of natural origin such as hydroxy(propyl)methyl cellulose, potato dextrose agar and starch alongside a pH sensitive-mixed indicator formulation were used to produce thin film sensor. The developed thin film sensor was tested for monitoring the spoilage of seafood stored at 4°C. Using ultraviolet-visible and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, the halochromic sensor was characterised. In addition, the halochromic response of the thin film was directly correlated to the total volatile base nitrogen emitted by the packaged fish, pH, microbial activity and sensory evaluation. Findings: The results suggested the developed biopolymer-based thin film sensor showed different colours in line with the spoilage of the packed fish, which could be well correlated with the total volatile base nitrogen, microbial activity and sensory evaluation. In addition, the thin film sensors exhibited a high degree of biodegradability. The biopolymers-based thin film halochromic sensor has exhibited excellent biodegradability along with sensitiveness towards the spoilage of the packed fish. Originality/value: In the future, consumers and retailers may prefer seafood containers equipped with such halochromic sensors to determine the degree of food deterioration as a direct indicator of food quality.
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    RECENT TRENDS IN USE OF PLANT-DERIVED CARBON DOT-BASED FLUORESCENT PROBES FOR HEAVY METAL ION DETECTION AND THEIR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS (Review)
    (Elsevier B.V., 2025) Venkatesan, Geetha; Sathiyan, Govindasamy
    Plant-derived carbon dots (CDs) have drawn a lot of interest as superior nanomaterials because of their sustainable nature, biocompatibility, and environmentally friendly synthesis, which sets them apart from other CDs made from non-renewable resources. The synthesis of CDs from natural sources such as fruits, leaves, bark, stem, flower, seed and biowaste by hydrothermal, pyrolysis, and microwave-assisted method have been investigated to modify the size and features of CDs. The plant-derived CDs exhibit greater sensitivity and selectivity, and their high photoluminescent properties makes it possible to detect physiological and ecological significant metal ions like iron (Fe³⁺), copper (Cu²⁺), lead (Pb²⁺), and mercury (Hg²⁺). This study focuses mainly on crucial elements such as absorption, emission, sensitivity, selectivity, and limits of detection of metal ions, a thorough examination of their sensing characteristics is provided. This review article comprehensively summarizes plant-based CDs with different synthesis methods, characterization techniques, metal ion sensing and its mechanism, stability and biological imaging of CDs. Additionally, we discussed the plant derived CDs for the detection of pesticides and drugs. These CDs also find extensive applications in environmental remediation by offering a sustainable alternative for detecting harmful pollutants. Beyond these sensing, their biological uses of plant-derived CDs, such as bioimaging, antioxidant activity, and therapeutic potential, are finally addressed. This review emphasizes the bright future of plant-derived CDs in biomedicine and sustainable nanotechnology, with a focus on their biological applications and improved sensing capabilities in research development
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    THE FRINGE BENEFIT OF INDUSTRY 4.0 AND INDUSTRY 5.0 ON THE EDUCATIONAL SECTOR: A COMPREHENSIVE BIBLIOMETRIC REVIEW (Book Chapter)
    (IGI Global, 2025-01-31) Vijay, Vihas; Lakshmi, J. Divya
    This chapter presents a bibliometric analysis of literature published between 2012 and 2024, exploring the impact of Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0 technologies on education. Using a dataset of 3281 Scopus-indexed records, the study identifies trends, research patterns, key contributions, and popular keywords. Bibliometric tools like Biblioshiny reveal global research trends, significant studies, and collaboration networks. The analysis highlights the influence of artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and robotics on education, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, emphasizing scenario-based learning and strategic human resource management. By examining the top 10 contributing papers, this study provides insights for policymakers, educators, and researchers, stressing the need for multidisciplinary research, global collaboration, and longitudinal studies to harness the educational potential of these technological advancements.
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    CORRECTION TO: INTEGRATING SOLID STEM AND MULTIPLE DISEASE RESISTANCE FOR DEVELOPING CLIMATE-RESILIENT WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) (Erratum)
    (Akademiai Kiado ZRt, 2023-01-23) Shajitha P.; Nisha R; Sivasamy M; Jayaprakash P; Vikas V.K; Gajalakshmi K; Mallick, Niharikha; Babu, Prashanth; Yadav, Rajbir; Vijaishree S; Akileshwaran K.; Peter, John
    In this article there is a misrepresentation of rainfall data in the Materials and Methods section under the Study Location and Plant Materials subsection. The original text inaccurately attributes higher rainfall during the winter season to the southwest monsoon. The corrected text, which aligns with regional meteorological data, is shown below. Original Text (3rd to 5th sentences in the subsection): The summer months, particularly from June to October, experience significantly higher rainfall due to the southwest monsoon, contributing approximately 1000–1200 mm to the region’s total annual precipitation. The winter (Rabi) months (November to April) generally have reduced rainfall, averaging around 200–400 mm. This lower precipitation is often attributed to occasional western disturbances, resulting in more stable weather patterns during the winter season. Corrected Text: During the winter season (Rabi, November to March), the northeast monsoon contributes the majority of the annual rainfall, averaging 1000–1200 mm. Despite this higher rainfall, crops are typically in the active tillering stage, which benefits from consistent soil moisture. Conversely, during the summer season (Kharif, June to September), the southwest monsoon contributes a lesser amount of 200–400 mm, but the number of rainy days is significantly higher. This continuous precipitation ensures sustained soil moisture and creates persistently humid conditions, impacting crop growth. This correction is essential as the rainfall data plays a critical role in understanding the environmental factors influencing crop resilience and growth patterns, which is a key focus of our study. In addition to this error, there were minor errors in the captions to Figs. 3 and 4 in that the terms Sr36/Pm6 and Lr19/Sr25, resp., were inadvertently included twice. The original article has been corrected.
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    A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF LEARNING RULES AND ARCHITECTURE OF PERCEPTRON IN ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS (ANNS) (Book Chapter)
    (CRC Press, 2024-1) Shanthini S; Devi, M. Sindhana; Grace, R. Suriya
    The complicated neural networks of the human mind have acted as a significant model for creating artificial neural networks (ANNs) of computational intelligence. ANNs can recognize patterns in data, make decisions, and perform other functions. The study provides a comprehensive review that explores ANNs by analysing the crucial elements of learning rules and perceptron architectures. This chapter clarifies the foundational learning rules underlying ANNs’ ability to adapt and generalize from data. The investigation comprehensively inspects the vital elements of learning rules and perceptron architectures in Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) inspired by the detailed neuronal networks of the human brain. This chapter subsequently explores the dynamic realm of perceptron architectures within ANNs. Single-layer perceptrons are examined for their inability to handle intricate relationships. In contrast, multilayer perceptrons (MLPs) emerge as formidable solutions. The complex composition of MLPs, characterized by input, hidden, and output layers, is deconstructed, highlighting their potential to capture intricate non-linear patterns through the strategic deployment of activation functions. This analysis showcases a merging of academic notions and actionable effects. The combined effect between learning rules and perceptron architectures forms the foundation of ANNs’ expertise in pattern recognition, prediction, and decision-making tasks. By comprehensively understanding these underpinnings, researchers and practitioners can connect the potential of ANNs across diverse domains.
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    HARNESSING INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) FOR OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY IN RETAIL STORES: INNOVATIONS, BENEFITS, AND CHALLENGES (Book Chapter)
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Karthikeyan K; Brindha T.C; Sujaritha D.; Dhanasekar E; Mathuthra O; Gowrishankar R
    This study explores how the Internet of Things (IoT) positively impacts retail store operations, integrating retail marketing, working capital, analytics, and cloud systems to achieve greater control over data and enhance technological sophistication. IoT supports decision-making in product category management, pricing strategies, promotional mix, communication channels, supply chain management, customer care services, cash management, payment systems, inventory management, data privacy and security, feature customization, and employee management through the automation of big data analysis. By addressing challenges in retail store operations, the study emphasizes the need for specific and comprehensive conceptualizations and measures of analysis within organized retail outlets. The article defines and operationalizes control activities to capture retail store effectiveness using IoT, based on data collected from 230 functional heads in organized retail stores whose well adopted with IoT. Focusing on quantitative measure validation, the study confirms that retail heads can make strategic decisions for retail expansion by leveraging IoT in their businesses. The findings are validated through simple percentage analysis, ANOVA, correlation, regression, and the SEM model, presenting both theoretical and practical implications. The Internet of Things has impact on the retail store operation and performance. Further the key variables in the segment should given focus analysis for rapid growth and development of retail sectors.
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    INTRODUCTION TO SMART AND INTELLIGENT NANOMATERIALS FOR BIOSENSORS (Book Chapter)
    (Elsevier, 2024-1) Natarajan, Arunadevi; Singh, Kshitij RB; Rai, Harshita; Singh, Jay; Pandey, Shyam S; Singh, Ravindra Pratap; Malhotra, Bansi D
    The upgraded version of nanotechnology is the development of novel material with multiple functionalities by integrating the fields of physics, chemistry, material science, engineering, and biotechnology. The small-sized nanoparticles have outstanding characteristics like improved absorption, large surface area, quantum effects, and high reactivity. Its high targeting nature, unpredictable side effects, and drug delivery to the healthy tissues when exposed largely are the major drawbacks in the biomedical field compared with other areas. Smart and intelligent materials are developed to overcome all these challenges. It offers important prospects like flexibility, sensitivity, selectivity, easily portable, and user friendly, which provides fair and accurate detection of diseases. The integration of nanotechnology-based diagnostics devices with IoT will deliver positive impacts in the food, environment, medical, and agriculture sectors. This chapter provides an overview of classification, tuneable properties of the smart material by varying external stimuli, and recent applications in the biomedical area.
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    PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF STARCH FROM MARANTA ARUNDINACEA L. (ARROWROOT) RHIZOMES AND ITS INHIBITION OF COX-2: IN VIVO VALIDATION (Article)
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2025) Surendran, Nishaa; Raju, Manikandan Vani; Chandrasekaran, Meenakshi Kaniyur; Ahalliya, Rathi Muthaiyan; Palanisamy, Chella Perumal; Chandrasekaran, Geethadevi; Chandrasekaran, Geethadevi Velliyur
    Maranta arundinacea L. (M. arundinacea L.) that belongs to the family Marantaceae is an underutilized tuber. The starch from the rhizomatous tubers is highly commercial and medicinal value is uncharacterized. This study was aimed at isolating the starch from Maranta arundinacea L. rhizomes, analyzing its physiochemical properties and examine its influence on anti-inflammatory activity. The physicochemical properties like Moisture and ash content, water holding capacity, water absorption index, amylose content, light transmittance and structural morphology of starch granules. Anti-inflammatory activity of starch from M. arundinacea L. was evaluated in Wistar rats by carrageenan induced paw edema. The biochemical estimation of serum enzymes, lipid peroxidation, enzymatic antioxidants and histopathological studies of paw tissues were carried out in paw tissues. Molecular expression of proinflammatory COX-2 gene was also analyzed. M. arundinacea starch was found to contain 9.3% moisture, 1.36% ash and 26.3% amylose content. The light transmittance (%) decreased with an increase in time. Micrographs of SEM analysis showed variations in the shape of granules that appeared as spherical and irregular. The size of granules varied between 2.86 and 6.92 μm. Attenuation in paw edema on treatment with M. arundinacea L. starch (200 mg/kg) was observed in comparison with that of standard drug Diclofenac sodium, the serum enzymes and enzymatic antioxidants were brought to near normal. The potent anti-inflammatory activities were confirmed by Histopathological studies. Molecular expression of proinflammatory COX-2 gene was also down regulated. It can be concluded that the dietary supplementation of starch from M. arundinacea L. to mitigate inflammation and reduce chronic diseases.
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    CERAMIZATION OF ABO GLASSES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF O7+ ION IRRADIATION (Article)
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2025-02) Karthika S; Asokan K; Marimuthu K; Meena, Ramcharan; Sundari, S Shanmuga
    Alkali borate (ABO) glasses of the composition 15A2O-85B2O3 where A = Li (lithium), Na (sodium) and K (potassium) are prepared using the thermal melt quenching technique. Pure analytical grades of boric acid (H3BO3), lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and potassium carbonate (K2CO3) are used for the preparation of LBO, NBO and KBO glasses respectively. The ABO glasses are irradiated with 100 MeV O7+ ion beam using 15 UD Pelletron tandem accelerators for fluences like 1 × 1011, 5 × 1011, 1 × 1012, 5 × 1012 and 1 × 1013 ions/cm2. The electronic energy loss is predominant and depth of propagation is calculated from SRIM and TRIM. The XRD and FE-SEM confirm the transformation of polycrystalline structure and growth of grains on the surface after the O7+ ion irradiation. LBO glasses at higher fluences revealed lithium tetrahydroxohexaoxopentaborate trihydrate with a monoclinic structure. The sharp and well-defined XRD peaks affirmed the transition from glass to glass ceramics after the irradiation. Formation of grains on the surface of the ABO glasses after the O7+ ion irradiation confirms the glass ceramics nature. KBO glasses possess enhanced stability even under ion irradiation. The optical bandgap decreased under ion irradiation. O7+ ion irradiation leads to a decrease in the tail of the Urbach energy, indicating reduced disorder in the ABO glasses. The transmission efficiency of both ABO glasses and glass ceramics is evaluated through reflection loss (Lr), transmission coefficient (T), and metallization criteria (M) and the suitability of the ABO glasses for nonlinear optical applications are discussed.