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INSILICO AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTY ANALYSIS OF BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS FROM PRUNUS AVIUM AGAINST DIABETICS
(Informatics Publishing Limited & Natural Remedies Pvt.Ltd, 2022) Veerapand, L; Nivetha, T; Sinthiya, R; Karunyah Amirthadharshini, N; Bumaasri, K; Aishwarya, R
people across all cultures globally. Lifelong distress is the cause of this disease which has no cure as of now. Various medications available in the market are too expensive and not easily affordable by all. Rural people rely on plant based Ayurvedic medications to heal diabetes as these contain anti-diabetic compounds. These phytoconstituents/anthocyanin derivatives work with several mechanisms that involve phytoconstituent interactions and target molecules in diabetic metabolism. Molecular docking analysis aids in finding out the interaction between receptors and ligands to identify the finest interaction which suits the target. In this case, the study proposed examining the bonding interactions of anti-diabetic compounds/anthocyanin derivatives derived from medicinal plants (Pelargonidin, Cyanidin, Delphinidin, Peonidin, Petunidin, Quercetin and pancreatic alpha-amylase (4X9Y)) with the help of the computational tool. ADME/T test helps decide different pharmacological and physicochemical analysis of lead atoms, degree of adsorption inside the cell, digestion rate, solvency, blood cerebrum boundary penetrability, cancer-causing nature and so on, which are the significant essentials prior to advertising a medication. Peonidin and Quercetin was proposing the best interactions. Nonetheless, to discover a better cure for diabetes, further in-vitro/ in vivo studies have to be carried out.
EVALUATION OF THE SYNTHESIZED NOVEL IRIDIUM (III) COMPLEXES AGAINST HELA CELL LINES THROUGH IN-SILICO, IN-VITRO AND DNA NICKING
(Asia Pacific Journal of Research, 2022) Sathya Priyadarshini, G; Aathi, Muthusankar; Ramesh, Subramani; Selvi, Gopal
Globally, the pharmaceutical industry is continuously driven in search of new anticancer drugs due to increasing rate of cancer patients. Clinical trials of Cisplatin has been explored, however, usage of Cisplatin as a drug is limited due to its various side effects, hence, alternative to platinum based complex drugs and its analogues are needed. Iridium complexes have been attracted widespread interests by virtue of their pharmacological and photo-physical properties; however the less number of complexes was reported in the literature. In this article, a new series of novel Iridium (III) complexes were synthesized using substituted quinoline Schiff Base (SB) ligands and characterized by spectroscopic techniques. The in- vitro cyto-toxicity assay showed that the Iridium (III) complex activity is equal to standard Cisplatin. In addition, computational docking studies have shown that the prominent binding sites for synthesized complexes against HeLa cell lines, which is comparable with standard Cisplatin drugs and other Ruthenium complexes.
MIGRATION AND OIL-CENTRIC LIFE: A STUDY ON GHASSAN KANAFANI’S MEN IN THE SUN
(The International Academic Forum (IAFOR), 2022) Jeyasiba, Ponmani Sami; Narasingaram, Jayashree
The oil narratives bring in a gamut of perspectives that would redefine the outlook of life. Modern life is embedded in the discovery of oil and the usage of hydrocarbon fuels. Petrofiction offers a scope for understanding the representation of oil aesthetics in literature. The research paper aims to critically expound the transformation after the sudden boom of wealth in Kuwait due to the discovery of oil, and the migration of Palestine refugees from Iraqi camps to Kuwait in search of jobs to upgrade their living conditions with reference to Men in the Sun by Ghassan Kanafani. The study authenticates the oil-centric life in Men in the Sun by understanding that oil is the base structure that governs the “push”, “pressure” and “stay” factors of a refugee in flight with theoretical support of kinetic model of exile, displacement and resettlement as proposed by Egon F. Kunz.
RIVER WATER QUALITY PREDICTION AND INDEX CLASSIFICATION USING MACHINE LEARNING
(IOP Science, 2022) Jitha P, Nair; Vijaya, M S
Various pollutants have had a substantial impact on the quality of water in recent years. The quality of water directly impacts human health and the environment. The water quality index (WQI) is an indicator of effective water management. Water quality modelling and prediction have become essential in the fight against water pollution. The research aims to build an efficient prediction model for river water quality and to categorize the index value according to the water quality standards. The data has been collected from eleven sampling stations located in various locations across the Bhavani River, which flows through Kerala and Tamilnadu. The water quality index is determined by 27different parameters affecting water quality like dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, alkalinity, hardness, chloride, coliform, etc. Data normalization and feature selection are done to construct the dataset to develop machine learning models. Machine learning algorithms such as linear regression, MLP regressor, support vector regressor and random forest has been employed to build a water quality prediction model. Support vector machines (SVM), naïve bayes, decision trees, MLP classifiers, have been used to develop a classification model for classifying water quality index. The experimental results revealed that the MLP regressor efficiently predicts the water Quality index with root mean squared error as 2.432, MLP classifier classifies the water quality index with 81% accuracy. The developed models show promising output concerning water quality index prediction and classification.
PHARMAKINETICS STUDIES, MOLECULAR DOCKING AND DISCOVERY OF ANTI- PROLIFERATIVE AGENTS AND ITS TARGETING EGFR INHIBITORS
(Elsevier, 2022-01) Palanisamy, Prakash; Archana, G; Ekambaram, Gayathiri; Vimalraj, Mani; Rengarajan, Manivasagaperumal; Balamurugan, Vinoth; Karlapudi, Abraham Peele; Kuppusamy, Selvam; Anand, Thirupathi; Hissah, Abdulrahman Alodaini; Munirah, Abdullah Al-Dosary; Ashraf, Atef Hatamleh; Soon Woong, Chang; Balasubramani, Ravindran
Abutilon indicum is a medicinal plant belonging to the Malvaceae family. The current study has been developed to detect Abutilon indicum bio-activity to produce an adequate drug design for cancer.
FINITE-TIME STABILITY RESULTS FOR FRACTIONAL DAMPEDDYNAMICAL SYSTEMS WITH TIME DELAYS
(Vilnius University Press, 2022-01-06) Ganesan, Arthi; Nallasamy, Brindha; Dumitru, Baleanu
This paper is explored with the stability procedure for linear nonautonomous multitermfractional damped systems involving time delay. Finite-time stability (FTS) criteria have beendeveloped based on the extended form of Gronwall inequality. Also, the result is deduced to a linearautonomous case. Two examples of applications of stability analysis in numerical formulation aredescribed showing the expertise of theoretical prediction.
AUXIN-GLUCOSE CONJUGATION PROTECTS THE RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L.) SEEDLINGS AGAINST HYDROXYUREA-INDUCED PHYTOTOXICITY BY ACTIVATING UDP-GLUCOSYLTRANSFERASE ENZYME
(Frontiers in Plant Science, 2022-02-16) Vimalraj, Kantharaj; Nirmal Kumar, Ramasamy; Young-Eun, Yoon; Mi Sun, Cheong; Young-Nam, Kim; Keum-Ah, Lee; Vikranth, Kumar; Hyeonji, Choe; Song Yeob, Kim; Hadjer, Chohra; Yong Bok, Lee
Hydroxyurea (HU) is the replication stress known to carry out cell cycle arrest by inhibiting ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) enzyme upon generating excess hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in plants. Phytohormones undergo synergistic and antagonistic interactions with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and redox signaling to protect plants against biotic and abiotic stress. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the protective role of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in mitigating HU-induced toxicity in rice seedlings. The results showed that IAA augmentation improved the growth of the seedlings and biomass production by maintaining photosynthesis metabolism under HU stress. This was associated with reduced H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and improved antioxidant enzyme [superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD)] activity that was significantly affected under HU stress. Furthermore, we showed that the HU stress-induced DNA damage leads to the activation of uridine 5′-diphosphate-glucosyltransferase (UGT), which mediates auxin homeostasis by catalyzing IAA-glucose conjugation in rice. This IAA-glucose conjugation upregulates the RNR, transcription factor 2 (E2F2), cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), and cyclin (CYC) genes that are vital for DNA replication and cell division. As a result, perturbed IAA homeostasis significantly enhanced the key phytohormones, such as abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), cytokinin (CTK), and gibberellic acid (GA), that alter plant architecture by improving growth and development. Collectively, our results contribute to a better understanding of the physiological and molecular mechanisms underpinning improved growth following the HU + IAA combination, activated by phytohormone and ROS crosstalk upon hormone conjugation via UGT.
GRAPHENE OXIDE INTEGRATED INTO PROTECTIVE COATINGS AGAINST CORROSION FOR METALS AND ITS ALLOYS: A REVIEW
(International Journal of Corrosion and Scale Inhibition, 2022-04-02) Priyanka D; Vinuchakravarthi S; Nalini D; Quraishi M.A; Chauhan D S
This review aims to discuss the effect of graphene oxide (GO) derivatives incorporated protective coatings on various metals against corrosion process in alkaline environments. These coatings increased hydrophobic character and adhesion strength between the coating and metal surface. Electrochemical measurements were used more often among all other techniques to investigate the effect of inhibitor in the polymer matrix (epoxy/silane sol). In some cases, the highest inhibition efficiency was achieved by electrochemically coating GO derivatives on the metal surface. GO derivatives prepared via the adsorption of Pr3+, Ce3+ , and Zn2+ ions have revealed a good inhibition tendency for metals in acidic solution because of the exchange of Pr3+, Ce3+, and Zn2+ with those ions (Na+ , Cl– ) in the corrosion electrolyte. Further, because of the adsorption of polar groups on GO onto the surface of metals, the hydrophobicity achieved by modified GO coating limits the infiltration of corrosive ions and enhances inhibitory efficiency. And, scratches were foreseen during the manufacturing of coatings on metallic substrates, and this harms the organic coatings. The defect created by impurities developed coatings deterioration that was prone to the diffusion of corrosive substances, severely reducing the coatings’ lifespan. Grafting graphene oxide with various functional groups was used to achieve self-healing behavior in organic coatings. At the defective site of the metallic substrates, self-healing by functionalized graphene oxide created dense protective coatings.
TYPE DESIGNATION OF FIVE LINDLEY’S NAMES IN THE GENUS HABENARIA (ORCHIDACEAE)
(Horizon e- publishing Group, 2022-04-22) Sulaiman, M; Kiruthika, K
The present study highlights the type designation on 5 species of the genus HabenariaWilld
DESIGN AND SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF NANO-SIZED EPOXY-NICO2O4 NANOCOMPOSITES FOR ANTICORROSION APPLICATIONS
(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2022-05-17) Swathika, M; Kshitij RB, Singh; Mehala, M; Sadanand, Pandey; Jay, Singh; Ravindra, Pratap Singh; Arunadevi, Natarajan
In the present work, we evaluated the corrosion inhibition properties of a ligand and mixed metal oxide nanocomposite. The ligand and mixed nickel–cobalt complex were synthesized using 1-naphthoic acid and aminoguanidine with the formulae [C11H7O2(CN4H5)(CN4H6)]·H2O and {Ni–Co[(CH5N4)2(C11H7O2)2]}·H2O, respectively. After their synthesis, physicochemical techniques such as CHNS analysis, infrared and UV-visible spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were employed to characterize both the synthesized ligand and nickel–cobalt complex. The metal oxide prepared from the decomposition of the metal complex was also characterized using several techniques to confirm its bonding and structure. In addition, the corrosion inhibition efficiency of the epoxy-ligand and epoxy-NiCo2O4 nanocomposite on mild steel (MS) in 3 M hydrochloric acid (HCl), 1.5 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and 0.5 M phosphoric acid (H3PO4) solution was examined and compared using weight loss measurements, Tafel plots, isotherms and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results from the electrochemical studies disclosed that the epoxy coating of mixed metal oxides with 0.8 ppm concentration yielded excellent corrosion protection. The SEM images of mild steel and mild steel coated with epoxy-ligand/epoxy-NiCo2O4 in HCl confirmed the anti-corrosive behavior of the synthesized compounds. Hence, the as-prepared material can be a next-generation tool for sustainable anti-corrosive coatings.
CONTROLLABILITY OF NONLINEAR HIGHER-ORDER FRACTIONALDAMPED STOCHASTIC SYSTEMS INVOLVING MULTIPLE DELAYS
(Vilnius University Press, 2022-05-24) Ganesan, Arthi; Kalaiselvan, Suganya; Juan J, Nieto
This paper is concerned with the controllability problem for higher-order fractionaldamped stochastic systems with multiple delays, which involves fractional Caputo derivatives ofany different orders. In the process of proof, we have proposed the controllability of consideredlinear system by establishing a controllability Grammian matrix and employing a control function.Sufficient conditions for the considered nonlinear system concerned to be controllable have beenderived by constructing a proper control function and utilizing the Banach fixed point theoremwith Burkholder–Davis–Gundy’s inequality. Finally, two examples are provided to emphasize theapplicability of the derived results
DESIGNING A CORROSION RESISTANCE SYSTEM USING MODIFIED GRAPHENE OXIDE-EPOXY MICROCAPSULES FOR ENHANCING THE ADHESION STRENGTH OF THE EPOXY COATINGS
(Elsevier, 2022-08) Priyanka D; Nalini D
New microencapsulated material with advanced corrosion resistance activity and superior adhesion strength on the steel sample was synthesized by in-situ polymerization. In this process, urea-formaldehyde was used as capsule shell material for encapsulating modified graphene oxide. The formation of microcapsules was effectively evidenced by FT-IR, SEM, and TGA-DSC analyses. Initially, graphene oxide was modified by the adsorption of Catharanthus roseus L. (C.R) leaves extract and characterized by FT-IR, SEM, EDX, and DFT studies. GO-C.R and UF-GO-C.R (microcapsules) were separately impregnated into epoxy resin and fabricated on the steel substrates. The anti-corrosion performance of UF-GO-C.R/Epoxy in comparison with neat GO-C.R/Epoxy coated sample was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and salt spray test. Results reveal that UF-GO-C.R microcapsules in epoxy matrix showed the protection efficiency of 83.6 % after the immersion period of 7 days in 3.5 % NaCl solution which was relatively higher than those with neat GO-C.R. In addition, the coating loaded with UF-GO-C.R microcapsules showed improvement in the adhesion of epoxy coatings on the steel surface which was evident from the increase in peel strength (290 N) through peel-off adhesion test.
INVESTIGATION OF THE GAS-PHASE REACTION OF NOPINONE WITH OH RADICALS: EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDY
(MDPI, 2022-08-05) Gisèle, El Dib; Angappan, Mano Priya; Senthilkumar, Lakshmipathi
Monoterpenes are the most essential reactive biogenic volatile organic compounds. Their removal from the atmosphere leads to the formation of oxygenated compounds, such as nopinone (C9H14O), one of the most important first-generation β-pinene oxidation products that play a pivotal role in environmental and biological applications. In this study, experimental and theoretical rate coefficients were determined for the gas-phase reaction of nopinone with hydroxyl radicals (OH). The absolute rate coefficient was measured for the first time using a cryogenically cooled cell along with the pulsed laser photolysis–laser-induced fluorescence technique at 298 K and 7 Torr. The hydrogen abstraction pathways were found by using electronic structure calculations to determine the most favourable H-abstraction position. Pathway 5 (bridgehead position) was more favourable, with a small barrier height of −1.23 kcal/mol. The rate coefficients were calculated based on the canonical variational transition state theory with the small-curvature tunnelling method (CVT/SCT) as a function of temperature. The average experimental rate coefficient (1.74 × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1) was in good agreement with the theoretical value (2.2 × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1). Conclusively, the results of this study pave the way to understand the atmospheric chemistry of nopinone with OH radicals.
INTEGRATED FRAMEWORK FOR INTRUSION DETECTION THROUGH ADVERSARIAL SAMPLING AND ENHANCED DEEP CORRELATED HIERARCHICAL NETWORK
(International Information and Engineering Technology and Association, 2022-08-19) Deepa, Venkatraman; Radha, Narayanan
Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) play a critical role in detecting malicious assaults and threats in the network system. This research work proposed a network intrusion detection technique, which combines an Adversarial Sampling and Enhanced Deep Correlated Hierarchical Network for IDS. Initially, the proposed Enhanced Generative Adversarial Networks (EGAN) method is used to raise the minority sample. A balanced dataset can be created in this way, allowing the model to completely learn the properties of minority samples while also drastically minimizing the model training time. Then, create an Enhanced Deep Correlated Hierarchical Network model by using a Bi-Directional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) to collect temporal characteristics and Cross-correlated Convolution Neural Network (CCNN) to retrieve spatial characteristics. The softmax classifier at the end of BiLSTM is used to classify intrusion data. The traditional NSL-KDD dataset is utilized for the experimentation of the proposed model.
VALORIZATION OF HAZARDOUSMATERIALS ALONG WITH BIOMASS FOR GREEN ENERGY GENERATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH PYROLYSIS
(Hindawi, 2022-08-25) Sarika, Chhabria; Raghavendra Rao, A V; Naga Lakshmi, V; Pravin P, Patil; Harishchander, Anandaram; Sumanta, Bhattacharya; Francisca Kalavathi, D; Dhivya, A; Solomon, Neway Jida
Increased population growth, industrialization, and modern culture create a variety of consequences, including environmental pollution, heavy metal accumulation, and decreasing energy resources. This perilous position necessitates the development of long-term energy resources and strategies to address environmental threats and power shortages. In this study, an investigation into the use of castor seed oil cake and waste tyres as a feed material for the copyrolysis process for yielding maximum oil production was performed. The copyrolysis experiments were performed by changing the mass percentage of waste tyres with oil cake to make different ratios of 100 : 0, 75 : 25, 50 : 50, 25 : 75, and 0 : 100. At 50 : 50 ratio, the maximum positive synergy on oil production was obtained. At that condition, a maximum of 59.8 wt% oil was produced and characterized to analyze its physiochemical properties. The coprocessing of the selected two feed materials enables the stabilization of the oil, as the produced oil has a lower oxygen content with a maximum heating value of 38.72 MJ/kg. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the oil showed the existence of aromatic hydrocarbons and phenolic elements. Adding waste tyres to the biomass improved the quality of the oil by increasing carbon content with reduced oxygen content.
PROTECTING MANETS FROM BLACK AND GRAY HOLE ATTACKS THROUGH A DETAILED DETECTION SYSTEM
(International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems, 2022-08-25) Vijigripsy, Jebaseelan; Kanchana, Kavartty Raju
In mobile ad-hoc network (MANET), identification and mitigation of black and gray-hole attacks is a challenging task compared to the detection of other attacks. To solve this issue, a secure route discovery ad-hoc ondemand distance vector (SRD-AODV) protocol has been suggested, which verifies the nodes only during the path discovery. But, it is necessary to authenticate the nodes during data transmission since the gray-hole nodes broadcast an accurate target sequence number (TSN) during the route discovery, whereas it becomes malicious and drops the packets during the data forwarding. Hence in this article, a secure route maintenance and attack detection AODV (SRMAD-AODV) protocol is proposed for identifying and defending the black and gray-hole attacks in the data transfer stage. Initially, an attack discovery system (ADS) node is decided from the connected dominating set (CDS) method based on energy and confidence score. The CDS is a robust, distinct and localized method to identify nearby linked dominating sets of nodes in a limited range in MANETs. The selected ADS nodes forward a status packet within the size of the dominating set to retrieve the entire behavioral data. ADS nodes examine gathered behavioral data and create a blacklist in which the suspected black and gray-hole nodes are added. Then, the blacklist is forwarded to the origin node to confirm the susceptibility of nodes present in the blacklist. Once the origin node authenticates the blacklist, it broadcasts a block message to all other nodes in a path for discarding blacklist nodes from the routing path. Further, this SRMAD-AODV protocol is simulated and the findings exhibit that it realizes 5.2sec of end-to-end delay (EED) and 86 % of packet delivery ratio (PDR) in contrast to the SRD-AODV protocol.
RANGE EXTENSION OF LESSER-KNOWN ORCHIDS TO THE NILGIRIS OF TAMIL NADU, INDIA
(Journal of Threatened Taxa, 2022-08-27) Sulaiman, M; Kiruthika, K; Harathi, P B
MAGNETITE FE3O4 NANO-OXIDE FROM AQUEOUS LEAF EXTRACT OF COCCINIA GRANDIS (L.) VOIGT: SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, MAGNETIC STUDIES AND ANTI-CANCER EVALUATION
(Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 2022-09) Suyambulingam, Jone Kirubavathy; Natarajan, Arunadevi; Ponnusamy, Pavithra; Panneer, Selvan Pavithra; Dharmalingam, Pavithra; Murugaiyan, Pavithra
To synthesize and investigate the anticancer activities of the metal nanoparticles derived from the ethanolic solution of the Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt leaves. Background: Coccinia grandis (Ivy gourd) belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family is known for its own significance especially in conventional medicines, including Indian Ayurveda. Materials and Methods: The title iron oxide nanoparticles from Coccinia grandis leaf extract has been synthesized as reported in the literature and characterized using spectroscopic techniques like FT-IR, GC-MS, VSM, SEM and EDAX. Pharmacological evaluation like in-vitro anti-cancer activity has been done using MTT assay. Discussion and Conclusion: The powder XRD pattern of the synthesized Fe3O4-NPs showed its high purity crystalline nature and also proved it to be approximately cubic in structure. By comparing the powder XRD patterns and the standard JCPDS database (file no: 01-089-3850), the obtained Fe3O4 nanoparticles were found to be Fe3O4, and not γ-Fe2O3 (maghemite). The SEM images of the nanoparticle showed their cubic nature and their magnetic studies were carried out using VSM data. The anticancer activities of the magnetite nanoparticles have been evaluated by using in vitro assays and found to be 35.83μM and were compared to standard anticancer drugs such as cisplatin, Doxorubicin.
TRANSCRIPTOMICS, CHEMINFORMATICS, AND SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY STRATEGIES UNVEIL THE POTENTIAL BIOACTIVES TO COMBAT COVID-19
(MDPI, 2022-09-13) Sivakumar, Adarshan; Sakthivel, Akassh; Krishnakumar, Avinash; Mathivanan, Bharathkumar; Pandiyan, Muthuramalingam; Hyunsuk, Shin; Venkidasamy, Baskar; Jen-Tsung, Chen; Veluswamy, Bhuvaneshwari; Manikandan, Ramesh
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a viral disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and is becoming a global threat again because of the higher transmission rate and lack of proper therapeutics as well as the rapid mutations in the genetic pattern of SARS-CoV-2. Despite vaccinations, the prevalence and recurrence of this infection are still on the rise, which urges the identification of potential global therapeutics for a complete cure. Plant-based alternative medicine is becoming popular worldwide because of its higher efficiency and minimal side effects. Yet, identifying the potential medicinal plants and formulating a plant-based medicine is still a bottleneck. Hence, in this study, the systems pharmacology, transcriptomics, and cheminformatics approaches were employed to uncover the multi-targeted mechanisms and to screen the potential phytocompounds from significant medicinal plants to treat COVID-19. These approaches have identified 30 unique COVID-19 human immune genes targeted by the 25 phytocompounds present in four selected ethnobotanical plants. Differential and co-expression profiling and pathway enrichment analyses delineate the molecular signaling and immune functional regulations of the COVID-19 unique genes. In addition, the credibility of these compounds was analyzed by the pharmacological features. The current holistic finding is the first to explore whether the identified potential bioactives could reform into a drug candidate to treat COVID-19. Furthermore, the molecular docking analysis was employed to identify the important bioactive compounds; thus, an ultimately significant medicinal plant was also determined. However, further laboratory evaluation and clinical validation are required to determine the efficiency of a therapeutic formulation against COVID-19.