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Item IDENTIFICATION AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF SHIGELLA FLEXNERI ST-02 FROM URINARY TRACT INFECTED PATIENT BY 16S RIBOSOMAL RNA GENE PARTIAL SEQUENCE ANALYSIS(Indian Journal Of Natural Sciences, 2014-10) Sridhar Ramachandran; N, Aarthi; V, Hemamalini; P, Pandia Vadivu; B, Mohan Kumar; S, ThiyagarajanUrinary Tract Infection (UTI) is mainly due to the entry of microorganisms and start developing to multiply in the urinary bladder. Cystitis and Urethritis are the two most common UTI among infected patients and mostly affect the bladder and urethra. The UTIs contribute significantly to the cost of providing health care in economically developed countries and it may be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Several studies such as multi-drug resistant strain, Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase producing strain, recurrent urinary tract infection, symptomatic Shigella sonnei,UTI in pregnancy, polymicrobial septicemia etc. had been conducted with reference to Shigella flexneri. However, a study on Uropathogenic and their molecular typing and characterisation of Shigella flexneri using 16s r RNA gene sequencing is scanty. In the present study, the investigators were isolated Shigella species from the UTI patient and identified using standard microbiological procedures. The isolated strain was further confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The sequenced strain has been submitted to GENBANK, USA and received gene accession number (JX444058). The Electropherogram report has been generated by Quality Control of Applied Biosystem, Hyderabad and reported that the Shigella flexneri ST-02 consist of 939 base pairs. Finally the sequenced strain was subjected to bioinformatic tools such as BLAST and phylogenetic tree for explorative and comparative studies. To the best of our knowledge, this constitutes the first report in which Shigella flexneri clinical strain had been isolated for UTI patient and was characterized by molecular typing using 16s ribosomal RNA gene partial sequencing analysis.Item MOSQUITOCIDAL AND ANTIPLASMODIAL ACTIVITY OF SENNA OCCIDENTALIS (CASSIAE) AND OCIMUM BASILICUM (LAMIACEAE) FROM MARUTHAMALAI HILLS AGAINST ANOPHELES STEPHENSI AND PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM(Parasitology Research, 2015-06-16) K, Murugan; N, Aarthi; K, Kovendan; C, Paneerselvam; B, Chandramohan; U, Suresh; J, Subramaniam; Akon Higuchi; Alarfaj, Abdullah A; Marcello Nicoletti; Heinz Mehlhorn; Giovanni Benelli; P, Mahesh Kumar; D, Dinesh; D, Amerasan; M, Paulpandi; R, ChandirasekarEach year, mosquito-borne diseases infect nearly 700 million people, resulting to more than 1 million deaths. In this study, we evaluated the larvicidal, pupicidal, and smoke toxicity of Senna occidentalis and Ocimum basilicum leaf extracts against the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi. Furthermore, the antiplasmodial activity of plant extracts was evaluated against chloroquine (CQ) resistant (CQ-r) and CQ-sensitive (CQ-s) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. In larvicidal and pupicidal experiments, S. occidentalis LC50 ranged from 31.05 (I instar larvae) to 75.15 ppm (pupae), and O. basilicum LC50 ranged from 29.69 (I instar larvae) to 69 ppm (pupae). Smoke toxicity experiments conducted against adults showed that S. occidentalis and O. basilicum coils evoked mortality rates comparable to the pyrethrin-based positive control (38, 52, and 42 %, respectively). In antiplasmodial assays, Senna occidentalis 50 % inhibitory concentration (IC50) were 48.80 μg/ml (CQ-s) and 54.28 μg/ml (CQ-r), while O. basilicum IC50 were 68.14 μg/ml (CQ-s) and 67.27 μg/ml (CQ-r). Overall, these botanicals could be considered as potential sources of metabolites to build newer and safer malaria control tools.Item LARVICIDAL AND REPELLENT ACTIVITY OF VETIVERIA ZIZANIODES (POACEAE) ESSENTIAL OIL AGAINST THE MALARIA VECTOR ANOPHELES STEPHENSI (LISTON) (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)(International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, 2014-04-28) N, Aarthi; K, Murugan; Barnard, Donald; Hwang, Jiang-Shiou; Govindarajan MarimuthuEssential oil extracted by steam distillation of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash (Poaceae) was evaluated for larvicidal and adult repellent activity against the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi (Liston). Median lethal concentrations (LC50) at 24 h post treatment for instars 1-4 were, respectively, 281, 356, 389, and 475 mg/L. The repellency of topically applied vetiveria oil tested at rates of 0.5 mg/cm2, 1 mg/cm2, and 1.5mg/cm2 was 100% for 2, 4, and 5 h, respectively. After 12 h, the level of protection from mosquito bites provided by V. zinzanoides essential oil was 52% at the 0.5 mg/cm2 rate, 62% at the 1 mg/cm2 rate, and 76% at the 1.5 mg/cm2 rate. The results indicate that V.zinzanoides essential oil is larvicidal and repellent to An.stephensi adults and that further study and development of this botanical insecticide as a mosquito control and/or personal protection agent is warranted. From the result it can be concluded the crude extract of V.zinzanoides essential oil was an excellent potential for controlling larvicidal and adult repellent activity against the malaria vector mosquitoesItem LARVICIDAL AND PUPICIDAL EFFECT OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF THE AERIAL ROOTS OF RHAPHIDOPHORA AUREA INTERTWINED OVER FOUR DIFFERENT HOST TREES AGAINST CULEX QUINQUEFASCIATUS SAY(Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2013-01) P, Arulpriya; P, Lalitha; N, AarthiPhytochemicals have proven that they are potential mosquito control agents and also alternative to synthetic insecticides. Different concentration of the ethanolic extract of aerial roots of Rhaphidophora aurea (Money plant) intertwined over Lawsonia inermis (Mehandhi), Areca catechu (Betal nut tree), Cocos nucifera (Coconut tree) and Azadirachta Indica (Neem tree) have been tested on the first(I), second(II), third(III), fourth(IV) instar larvae and pupae of Culex quinquefasciatus say. Lethal concentration (LC50 and LC90) were also worked for the different larval and pupal stages. The larval and pupal density decreased after the treatment with the extract. The results obtained indicate better activity of the ethanol extract of aerial roots of Rhaphidophora aurea climbed over Lawsonia inermis than the ethanol extract of aerial roots of Rhaphidophora aurea climbed over Areca catechu, Azadirachta Indica and hence these extracts can be suitable alternatives to synthetic insecticides. The ethanol extract of aerial roots of Rhaphidophora aurea climbed over Cocos nucifera showed zero mortality in all the stages and also no significant repellent bioassay.Item SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING LEAVES OF CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS LINN. G. DON AND THEIR ANTIPLASMODIAL ACTIVITIES(Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2012-07) S, Ponarulselvam; C, Panneerselvam; K, Murugan; N, Aarthi; K, Kalimuthu; S, ThangamaniObjective To develop a novel approach for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous leaves extracts of Catharanthus roseus (C. roseus) Linn. G. Don which has been proven active against malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum). Methods Characterizations were determined by using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray and X-ray diffraction. Results SEM showed the formation of silver nanoparticles with an average size of 35–55 nm. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the particles were crystalline in nature with face centred cubic structure of the bulk silver with the broad peaks at 32.4, 46.4 and 28.0. Conclusions It can be concluded that the leaves of C. roseus can be good source for synthesis of silver nanoparticle which shows antiplasmodial activity against P. falciparum. The important outcome of the study will be the development of value added products from medicinal plants C. roseus for biomedical and nanotechnology based industries.Item EFFECT OF VETIVERIA ZIZANIOIDES L. ROOT EXTRACTS ON THE MALARIAL VECTOR, ANOPHELES STEPHENSI LISTON(Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 2012-04-28) N, Aarthi; K, MuruganObjective To evaluate the ovicidal and oviposition deterrent potential of the ethanolic extract from Vetiveria zizanioides (V. zizanioides) roots against the malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi (A. stephensi).Methods The dried clean V. zizanioides roots were powerdered and extracted with ethanol for 8 h in a soxhlet apparatus. After evaporation, the residue was dissolved in acetone. One hundred freshly laid eggs of A. stephensi were exposed to the extract at differnt concentrations for 48 h, and the hatch rate was calculated to evaluate the ovicidal activity. Those exposed to actone aqueous solution were used as control. The egg laying behavior of gravid female A. stephensi was also observed using oviposition deterrent test. Effective repellency (ER) was used to evaluate the oviposition deterrent activity. Results Exposure to the crude ethanol extract of V. zizanioides reduced the hatchability rate of A. stephensi eggs, and zero hatchability was exerted at 375 ppm. In the oviposition deterrent test, the extract alleviated the egg laying with an ER of 78.9% at the highest concentration of 375 ppm and even 53.7% at the lowest concentration of 125 ppm. Moreover, the negative values of oviposition active index also suggests the extract was a good deterrent agent. Conclusions The ethanolic extract of V. zizanioides roots may be used an alternative pesticide to control A. stephensi at the early stage of life history, possibly due to the presence of various active chemical compounds.Item LARVICIDAL AND PUPICIDAL ACTIVITY OF EXTRACTS AND FRACTIONATES OF EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES (MART.) SOLMS AGAINST THE FILARIAL VECTOR CULEX QUINQUEFASCIATUS SAY(Parasitology research, 2012-07-19) P, Jayanthi; P, Lalitha; N, AarthiAbstract Petroleum ether, acetone, ethyl acetate, aqueous extract, methanol and ethanol fractionate of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms was tested for their larvicidal efficacy against the different instars (I, II, III and IV) and pupae of Culex quinquefasciatus Say. The larval mortality was observed after 24 h of the treatment. The extracts showed a dose-dependent toxicity to larvae. The toxicity of the extracts decreased with increase in larval stage. Ethanol fractionate of E. crassipes showed the highest larvicidal and pupicidal activity against C. quinquefasciatus compared to other solvent extracts and fractionates with LC50 71.43, 94.68,120.42, 152.15 and 173.35 ppm for I, II, III, IV and pupae, respectively. Presence of metabolites like flavonoids, alkaloids, anthroquinones and anthocyanins in the tested extracts might be the reason for the larvicidal and pupicidal activity of the plant extracts and fractionates of waterhyacinth. Mosquito-repellent activity was not exhibited by these extracts at the tested concentrations. The results demonstrated the potential of the aquatic plant E. crassipes in the successful control of the filarial vector C. quinquefasciatusItem ANTIMALARIAL ACTIVITY OF CARICA PAPAYA (FAMILY: CARICACEAE) LEAF EXTRACT AGAINST PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM(Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 2012-10-28) K, Kovendan; K, Murugan; C, Panneerselvam; N, Aarthi; MaheshKumar; J, Subramaniam; D, Amerasan; K, Kalimuthu; S, VincentObjective: To determine the antimalarial activity of the ethanol leaf extract of Carica papaya (C. papaya), blood stages of CQ-sensitive and CQ resistant strains against Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) as target species. Methods: C. papaya leaf was collected in and around Kalveerampalyam village, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. C. papaya leaf was washed with tap water and shade dried at room temperature. An electrical blender powdered the dried plant materials (leaves). The powder 500g of the leaf was extracted with 1.5 L of organic solvents of ethanol for 8 h using a Soxhlet apparatus. The crude plant extracts were evaporated to dryness in rotary vacuum evaporator. One gram of the plant residue was dissolved in 100 mL of acetone (stock solution) and considered as 1% stock solution. From this stock solution, different concentrations were prepared ranging from 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%, respectively. Results: The highest larval mortality in the ethanol leaf extract of C. papaya against the 1st to 4th instars larvae and pupae values of LC50= 3.65%, 4.28%, 5.41%, 6.70%, and 7.50%, respectively. The LC90 values of 9.61%, 11.75%, 13.53%, 16.36%, and 16.92%, respectively. Plant extracts showed moderate to good antiparasitic effects. These four concentrations (25, 50,100 and 150 µg/mL) of ethanol leaf extracts exhibited promising inhibitory activity against the CQ sensitive strain with (IC50) values 40.75%, 36.54%, 25.30%, and 18.0% and in CQ resistant 50.23%, 32.50%, 21.45%, and 23.12% against P. falciparum. Conclusions: In conclusion, the results indicate the effective plant extracts have the potential to be used as an ideal eco-friendly approaches for the control of vector mosquitoesItem ANTIMALARIAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF ETHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT OF PHYLLANTHUS NIRURI AND MIMOSA PUDICA(International Journal Of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 2011-05) N, Aarthi; K, MuruganThe ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus niruri and Mimosa pudica leaves was investigated for antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei infections in mice. The median lethal dose was determined to ascertain the safety of the extract in mice. The antimalarial activities during early and established infections were evaluated. Phytochemical screening was also investigated to elucidate the possible mechanism of the antimalarial properties. The extract of P.niruri and M.pudica leaf demonstrated significant antiplasmodial activity in all the three models of the antimalarial evaluations. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of some vital antiplasmodial constituents such as terpenoids ,flavonoids and alkaloids. The leaf extract of P.niruri and M.pudica thus possesses antimalarial activity, which explains the rational usage of this plant in traditionalItem TOXICITY AND SMOKE REPELLENCY EFFECT OF MIMOSA PUDICA L. AGAINST THE MALARIAL VECTOR ANOPHELES STEPHENSI (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)(The BioScan, 2011-05-27) N, Aarthi; K, MuruganMimosa Pudica Linn is a commonly used herbal drug against many diseases. The antivectorial activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Mimosa Pudica Linn was investigated in the laboratory. Different concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 ppm) against different immature stages of Anopheles stephensi were tested and showed considerable toxicity effect against the immatures of Anopheles stephensi. Lethal concentration (LC50 and LC90) has been worked out on different larval stages of Anopheles stephensi. The LC50 values of M. pudica for I instar larvae was 0.723%, II instar was 1.150%, III instar was 1.540%, IV instar was 2.073%, and pupa was 2.835%, respectively.The LC90 values such as I instar was 3.578%, II instar was 4.079%, III instar was 4.833%, IV instar was 5.333 % and pupa was 6.717%, respectively. The smoke toxicity effect of M. pudica leaves exhibited a good knock down effect when compared with the commercial synthetic mosquito coil. The smoke affected gravid females and they lay only a fewer number of eggs and egg hatchability was also reduced. The percentage of population reduction was 79.5% in the plant exposed mosquitoes and in the positive control (Mortein coil), the percentage of reduction was 71.8%