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SPATIAL DATA MINING USING ASSOCIATION RULES AND FUZZY LOGIC FOR AUTONOMOUS EXPLORATION OF GEO-REFERENCED CANCER DATA IN WESTERN TAMIL NADU, INDIA
(Netw Model Anal Health Inform Bioinforma, 2005-12-01) Harathi Parasur Babu; Janani Selvaraj; Sridhar Ramachandran; Prashanthi Devi Marimuthu; Balasubramanian Somanathan
Data mining using association rule is widely applied in medicine, particularly in cancer epidemiology. It is reported that this technique has certain uncertainty. To minimize the uncertainty, fuzzy logic is used with association rules. To demonstrate the efficiency of these methods further, geographical information system tool is used to spatially view results obtained from above-mentioned techniques. For the present study, cancer data were taken due its disparity among different populations/locations and also because it is a serious concern that affects our socio-economic well being. Cancer is a family of diseases arising due to varied factors and there is no one cause and cure until the definite causative factor is determined. Data mining approach using association rule technique was applied to extract association between diet and incidences of cancer and was interpreted using fuzzy logic. The spatial data were displayed through map objects, and apriori algorithm is used to evaluate, visualize, and analyze the results from the data mining process. In this regard, data consisting of 3000 cancer cases were scrutinized which involves 16 parameters, 160 types of cancer, and 5 types of dietary habits including smoking, mixed diet, alcohol, betel nut, and tobacco chewing. Association rule mining reduces 800 combinations of cancer and habits to 129 cancer types and 3 habits and plots the respective location in the map through map objects. Fuzzy logic is used to find the spatio-habits linked. Association rule integrated with fuzzy logic reveals the influence of diet on cancer and its spatial pattern of the disease distribution. This technique enables us to provide the interpretation for the severity of disease that needs further attention and decision making.
TOXICITY EFFECT OF ARTEMISIA PARVIFLORA AGAINST MALARIAL VECTOR ANOPHELES STEPHENSI LISTON
(Crop Protection Research Centre, 2010) R, Uma Devi; D, Lakshmi; N, Aarthi
The methanolic leaf extract of Artemisia parviflora (APLE) tested against Anopheles stephensi larvae and pupae and recorded the mortality rate, LC50 and LC90 values. This investigation revealed that this leaf extract possess higher toxicity against Anopheles stephensi. The biological activity of the plant extract might be due to the presence of active compounds â- Caryophyllene, germacrene D, Camphor, artemisia ketone, 1-8 Cineole, D-Copaene and Sabinyl acetae. These are all compounds are very toxic against the mosquito. The LC50 value for first instar larvae is 45.61 and it is increased in the IV instar larvae as 59.60. According our experimental view this plant can effectively play the biopesticide role and may contribute to an effective vector control tool. This new agent should preferentially to be applied in mosquito control strategies to reduce the mosquito populations and prevent the malaria.
LARVICIDAL AND REPELLENT ACTIVITY OF VETIVERIA ZIZANIOIDES L, OCIMUM BASILICUM LINN AND THE MICROBIAL PESTICIDE SPINOSAD AGAINST MALARIAL VECTOR, ANOPHELES STEPHENSI LISTON (INSECTA: DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
(Crop Protection Research Centre, 2010) N, Aarthi; Kadarkarai Murugan
Use of synthetic pesticides causes some unfortunate consequences such as environmental pollution, pests/ vector resistance and toxicity to other non-target organisms including human beings, biological pesticides from plant, microbial origin are environmentally safe pesticides. Microbial insecticides are especially valuable because their non-toxicity to non-target animals and human beings. Laboratory investigation using the plants such as, Vetiveria zizanioides (Linn.) (Poaceae), Ocimum basilicum (Linn.) (Lamiaceae) and the microbial pesticide spinosad against the malarial vector Anopheles stephensi Liston showed 85% mortality. The observed mortality rate suggests the above extract can be used as biopesticides. The LC50 of second, third and fourth instar larvae of A. stephensi were 0.276%, 0.285% and 0.305%, respectively.
LARVICIDAL AND SMOKE REPELLENT ACTIVITIES OF SPATHODEA CAMPANULATA P. BEAUV. AGAINST THE MALARIAL VECTOR ANOPHELES STEPHENSI LIS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
(Journal of Phytology, 2010) N, Aarthi; K, Murugan
As we talk about diseases certainly we have to say about the vectors and the major disease causing vectors is mosquito. The natural products have been a rich source of medicines since they provide a host of many bioactive compounds with a wide range of applications. Anopheles stephensi which transmits plasmodium responsible for malarial fever. Vector control can be achieved by using insecticidal larvicidal organophosphorates or synthetic compounds. The toxicity of the chemical has side effects. More over the constant use of these chemicals will lead to gain the resistance to these mosquitoes. As a result Investigations were made to evaluate the larvicidal activity and smoke repellent potential of Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv. (Family: Bignoniaceae) to identify suitable bio active compound in selected medicinal plants. The present paper deals with larvicidal and mosquito repellency activity of Spathodea campanulata. The extracts of Spathodea campanulata were found most effective with LC50 value of 1.343, 1.607, 1.981, 2.165, 2.432 of I, II, III, IV and pupa respectively. The smoke toxicity was more effective against the Anopheles stephensi. Smoke exposed gravid females oviposited fewer eggs when compared to those that were not exposed.
ELECTROPLATING INDUSTRY EFFLUENT INDUCED MODULATION OF AMINOTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY IN THE FRESHWATER TELEOST FISH MYSTUS CAVASIUS
(BRNSS Publication Hub, Mandsaur University, Madhya Pradesh, India, 2011-03-02) Palanisamy P; Mallikaraj D; Sasikala G; Natarajan G M
Electroplating industry effluent exposure (1%) for 48 h increased the AlAT and AAT contents in the brain, gill, liver and muscle of Mystus punctata. Both protein and carbohydrate metabolism was affected. Alanine aminotransferase (AAT E.C. 2.6.1.2) and aspartate aminotransferase (AAT E.C. 2.6.1.1) play a crucial role in transamination reactions and can be used as potential biomarkers to indicate hepatotoxicity and cellular damage
CHANGES IN PROTEIN CONTENT IN THE MUSCLE OF MYSTUS CAVASIUS (HAM.) EXPOSED ELECTROPLATING INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT CHROMIUM
(BRNSS Publication Hub, Mandsaur University, Madhya Pradesh, India, 2011-03-10) Palanisamy P; Sasikala G; Mallikaraj D; Bhuvaneshwari N; Natarajan G M
Protein content in the muscle of Mystus cavasius (Ham) exposed to 1/3 of sublethal concentration of electroplating industrial effluent chromium (0.25%) for period of 30 days has been studied. After 24, 48, 72 h and 15 days of exposure the muscle showed significant depletion from -9.77%, -20.45%, -26.14% and -31.82% over the control
EFFECT OF ELECTROPLATING INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT CHROMIUM ON BIMODAL RESPIRATORY RHYTHM OF THE AIR-BREATHING CAT FISH MYSTUS CAVASIUS (HAM.)
(BRNSS Publication Hub, Mandsaur University, Madhya Pradesh, India, 2011-03-10) Palanisamy P; Mallikaraj D; Sasikala G; Bhuvaneshwari N; Natarajan G M
Effect of sublethal (0.25%) concentration of electroplating Industrial effluent chromium on bimodal respiratory rhythm of Mystus cavasius (Ham) was studied. Result revealed that at sublethal concentration the respiratory rhythm was significantly disrupted. The significance of the results is discussed from a chronotoxicological point of view.
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL LESIONS IN GILL OF AIR-BREATHING CAT FISH MYSTUS CAVASIUS EXPOSED TO ELECTROPLATING INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT NICKEL
(Fortune Journals, an open access publisher, 2011-04) Palanisamy P; Sasikala G; Mallikaraj D; Bhuvaneshwari N; Natarajan G M
The gill which participate in many important functions in fish, such as respiration, osmoregulation and excretion. Electroplating industrial effluent nickel induced hyperplasia, multiple telangiectases (aneurysms), desquamation of the epithelial cells, complete fusion of secondary gill lamellae and congestion of blood sinuses were the significant histopathological lesions observed in the gill of Mystus cavasius.
HAEMATOLOGICAL CHANGES OF FRESH WATER FOOD FISH, CHANNA STRIATA ON EXPOSURE TO CLEISTANTHUS COLLINUS SUICIDAL PLANT EXTRACT
(Dr. Sridevi M, India, 2011-04) Palanisamy P; Sasikala G; Mallikaraj D; Bhuvaneshwari N; Natarajan G M
The freshwater fish Channa striata were exposed to lethal concentration of Cleistanthus collinus plant extract (10 mg L-1) 48 h. At the end of the 48 h exposure period, blood samples were taken from the control and experimental fish. Blood was assayed for selected haematological parameters (haematocrit, haemoglobin, red blood cell counts, white blood cells counts and erythrocyte sedimentation rate). The derived haematological indices of mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration were calculated. Significant decreases observed RBC (P<0.05), Hb content (P<0.01) PCV (P<0.01) WBC (P<0.05) were observed during the exposure period.
BIOCHEMICAL MODULATIONS INDUCED BY METASYSTOX IN FRESH WATER SNAKEHEADED FISH CHANNA STRIATA BLOOD
(BRNSS Publication Hub, Mandsaur University, Madhya Pradesh, India, 2011-04-10) Sasikala G; Palanisamy P; Mallikaraj D; Bhuvaneshwari N D; Natarajan G M
Metasystox is one of the pesticides extensively used in agricultural practices throughout the world. Channa striata were exposed to sublethal concentrations (5 mg L-1) of metasystox for 15 d to assess the alterations in the level of blood glucose, lactate, sodium and potassium in blood plasma. Significant alterations in all the biochemical parameters were found to be dose dependent. Elevated levels of blood glucose and depressed lactate, sodium and potassium in blood further indicated lower metabolic rate after 15 d of exposure. Significant decline in triglycerides content was observed in fish exposed to both sublethal concentrations of metasystox. It was concluded that metasystox is poisonous and had a significant effect on the behaviour and biochemical system, which adversely affected the health of the fish. The authors suggested that increase in glucose (hyperglycaemia) which was dose and duration dependent in the sub lethal exposure to metasystox may be considered to be manifestation of stress induced by the toxicants and analysis of biochemical parameters in the fish blood may serve as us eful indices in environmental biomonitoring.
METASYSTOX INDUCED HAEMATOLOGICAL MODULATION IN THE SOUTH INDIAN SNAKEHEADED CHANNA STRIATA
(Dr. Shashi Alok, Assistant Professor, Institute of Pharmacy, Bundelkhand University Jhansi (U.P.), India, 2011-04-11) Sasikala G; Palanisamy P; Mallikaraj D; Bhuvaneshwari N; Natarajan G M
Snakeheaded Channa striata reared in freshwater of metasystox (1.7 mg L-1) for 15 d and 30 d. Evaluation of some of the haematological parameters showed that on exposure, haematocrit content (Ht), haemoglobin content (Hb), total erythrocyte count (RBC), neutrophil, basophil, lymphocyte values markedly increased and depressed monocyte values. Observations of blood parameters allows the most rapid detection changes in fish, which may be used as a diagnostic test for aquatic pollution.
THE SURVIVAL OUT OF WATER AND EVAPORATIVE WATER LOSS IN ANGUILLA BENGALENSIS RELATED TO RELATIVE HUMIDITY
(BRNSS Publication Hub, Mandsaur University, Madhya Pradesh, India, 2011-04-12) Mallikaraj D; Palanisamy P; Sasikala G; Natarajan G M
Oxygen availability in aquatic habitats is a major ecological factor influencing the distribution of fish.The fish has limited potentialities to survive out of water. Higher humidity enhances the survival rate and minimizes evaporative water loss. Humidity plays an important role in the survival capacity of fish.At 35 % - 40 % relative humidity anA. bengalensissurvive at 3 h - 5 h.
ANTIMALARIAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF ETHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT OF PHYLLANTHUS NIRURI AND MIMOSA PUDICA
(International Journal Of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 2011-05) N, Aarthi; K, Murugan
The ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus niruri and Mimosa pudica leaves was investigated for antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei infections in mice. The median lethal dose was determined to ascertain the safety of the extract in mice. The antimalarial activities during early and established infections were evaluated. Phytochemical screening was also investigated to elucidate the possible mechanism of the antimalarial properties. The extract of P.niruri and M.pudica leaf demonstrated significant antiplasmodial activity in all the three models of the antimalarial evaluations. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of some vital antiplasmodial constituents such as terpenoids ,flavonoids and alkaloids. The leaf extract of P.niruri and M.pudica thus possesses antimalarial activity, which explains the rational usage of this plant in traditional
STRESS INDUCED NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSE MODEL IN THE EXOTIC FISH, OSPHRONEMUS OLFAX
(CHIEF EDITOR, Rosane Cavalcante Fragoso, Brasil, an open access publisher, 2011-05-14) Palanisamy P; Sasikala G; Mallikaraj D; Bhuvaneshwari N; Natarajan G M
Results obtained using multifactorial stress model (air-exposure, submergence, hypoxia) showed that elevation of RBC, HB, Ht and blood glucose was linearly correlated with progressive stress uniformly. Submergence caused rapid stress with blood glucose reaching 50% elevation within 60 min. Hypoxic water with access to air had very little effect on blood glucose. Similarly, lowering the temperature significantly affected the blood parameters. The air-exposure model was also used for testing lysozyme activity and phagocytosis assay during stress. Plasma lysozyme was significantly lower in air stressed fish. Submergence increased the number of granulocyte, lymphocytes and activity of phagocytic cells. Spleen and kidney lysozyme activity increased significantly. The titer of total non-specific immunological increased during submergence. But no such effect was observed in air-exposure. These results suggest that submergence stress in stimulating non-specific defense system in the air-breathing fish, Osphronemus olfax. This is the first report that submergence stress is playing the role of an immunomodulator in an air-breathing fish.
TOXICITY AND SMOKE REPELLENCY EFFECT OF MIMOSA PUDICA L. AGAINST THE MALARIAL VECTOR ANOPHELES STEPHENSI (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
(The BioScan, 2011-05-27) N, Aarthi; K, Murugan
Mimosa Pudica Linn is a commonly used herbal drug against many diseases. The antivectorial activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Mimosa Pudica Linn was investigated in the laboratory. Different concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 ppm) against different immature stages of Anopheles stephensi were tested and showed considerable toxicity effect against the immatures of Anopheles stephensi. Lethal concentration (LC50 and LC90) has been worked out on different larval stages of Anopheles stephensi. The LC50 values of M. pudica for I instar larvae was 0.723%, II instar was 1.150%, III instar was 1.540%, IV instar was 2.073%, and pupa was 2.835%, respectively.The LC90 values such as I instar was 3.578%, II instar was 4.079%, III instar was 4.833%, IV instar was 5.333 % and pupa was 6.717%, respectively. The smoke toxicity effect of M. pudica leaves exhibited a good knock down effect when compared with the commercial synthetic mosquito coil. The smoke affected gravid females and they lay only a fewer number of eggs and egg hatchability was also reduced. The percentage of population reduction was 79.5% in the plant exposed mosquitoes and in the positive control (Mortein coil), the percentage of reduction was 71.8%
STUDY OF BEHAVIOURAL RESPONSE OF AIR-BREATHING CATFISH MYSTUS CAVASISUS (HAMILTON) EXPOSED TO ELECTROPLATING INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT CHROMIUM
(Dr. Shashi Alok, Assistant Professor, Institute of Pharmacy, Bundelkhand University Jhansi (U.P.), India, 2011-07-01) Palanisamy P; Sasikala G; Mallikaraj D; Natarajan G M
In the present experiment effect of electroplating industrial effluent chromium on the behavioral responses of freshwater air-breathing cat fish Mystus cavasius was studied. The toxicity of chromium to aquatic life is strongly influenced by the form of chromium and quality of water. The two most prevalent chromium forms found in plating industry waste water are hexavalent chromium (Cr+6) and trivalent chromium (Cr+3). The fishes exhibited various behavioral responses – locomotory, physiological, neurological and morbidity responses under influence of chromium industrial effluent. One of the major advantages of using data on behavioral effects is that they are more sensitive indicators of potential for impacts on survival in the filed than are measures of lethality. Study noted the possible utility of the behavior responses as rapid biomonitory assessment technique for qualitative evaluation of various industrial pollutants.
ACETYLCHOLINE ESTERASE, ACETYLCHOLINE, SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE AND LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE CHANGES IN THE FRESH WATER FOOD FISH CHANNA STRIATA AFTER EXPOSURE TO CLEISTANTHUS COLLINUS SUICIDAL PLANT EXTRACT
(Global Research Online, Bangalore, India, 2011-07-01) Palanisamy P; Mallikaraj D; Sasikala G; Natarajan G M
Abstract: The enzymes Acetylcholinesterase (AchE), Acetylcholine (Ach), Succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and Lactatedehydrogenase (LDH) are used as biological markers in the present study. Enzymes are highly sensitive and used to evaluate the biological effects of suicidal plant extract Cleistanthus collinus in freshwater food fish Channa striata. A significant increase in the Ach, LDH and SDH activity in muscle, liver and gill were observed. The AchE activity significantly declined by -49.80% liver, -45.00% gills and -38.03% in liver.
FUNCTIONAL EXPRESSION OF VOLTAGE‐GATED CALCIUM CHANNELS IN HUMAN MELANOMA
(Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research, 2012-01-19) A, Das; C, Pushparaj; N, Bahí; A, Sorolla; J, Herreros; R, Pamplona; R, Vilella; X, Matias-Guiu; RM, Martí; C, Cantí
The expression of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) has not been reported previously in melanoma cells in spite of increasing evidence of a role of VGCCs in tumorigenesis and tumour progression. To address this issue we have performed an extensive RT-PCR analysis of VGCC expression in human melanocytes and a range of melanoma cell lines and biopsies. In addition, we have tested the functional expression of these channels using Ca(2+) imaging techniques and examined their relevance for the viability and proliferation of the melanoma cells. Our results show that control melanocytes and melanoma cells express channel isoforms belonging to the Ca(v) 1 and Ca(v) 2 gene families. Importantly, the expression of low voltage-activated Ca(v) 3 (T-type) channels is restricted to melanoma. We have confirmed the function of T-type channels as mediators of constitutive Ca(2+) influx in melanoma cells. Finally, pharmacological and gene silencing approaches demonstrate a role for T-type channels in melanoma viability and proliferation. These results encourage the analysis of T-type VGCCs as targets for therapeutic intervention in melanoma tumorigenesis and/or tumour progression.
EFFECT OF VETIVERIA ZIZANIOIDES L. ROOT EXTRACTS ON THE MALARIAL VECTOR, ANOPHELES STEPHENSI LISTON
(Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 2012-04-28) N, Aarthi; K, Murugan
Objective To evaluate the ovicidal and oviposition deterrent potential of the ethanolic extract from Vetiveria zizanioides (V. zizanioides) roots against the malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi (A. stephensi).Methods The dried clean V. zizanioides roots were powerdered and extracted with ethanol for 8 h in a soxhlet apparatus. After evaporation, the residue was dissolved in acetone. One hundred freshly laid eggs of A. stephensi were exposed to the extract at differnt concentrations for 48 h, and the hatch rate was calculated to evaluate the ovicidal activity. Those exposed to actone aqueous solution were used as control. The egg laying behavior of gravid female A. stephensi was also observed using oviposition deterrent test. Effective repellency (ER) was used to evaluate the oviposition deterrent activity. Results Exposure to the crude ethanol extract of V. zizanioides reduced the hatchability rate of A. stephensi eggs, and zero hatchability was exerted at 375 ppm. In the oviposition deterrent test, the extract alleviated the egg laying with an ER of 78.9% at the highest concentration of 375 ppm and even 53.7% at the lowest concentration of 125 ppm. Moreover, the negative values of oviposition active index also suggests the extract was a good deterrent agent. Conclusions The ethanolic extract of V. zizanioides roots may be used an alternative pesticide to control A. stephensi at the early stage of life history, possibly due to the presence of various active chemical compounds.
SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING LEAVES OF CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS LINN. G. DON AND THEIR ANTIPLASMODIAL ACTIVITIES
(Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2012-07) S, Ponarulselvam; C, Panneerselvam; K, Murugan; N, Aarthi; K, Kalimuthu; S, Thangamani
Objective To develop a novel approach for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous leaves extracts of Catharanthus roseus (C. roseus) Linn. G. Don which has been proven active against malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum). Methods Characterizations were determined by using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray and X-ray diffraction. Results SEM showed the formation of silver nanoparticles with an average size of 35–55 nm. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the particles were crystalline in nature with face centred cubic structure of the bulk silver with the broad peaks at 32.4, 46.4 and 28.0. Conclusions It can be concluded that the leaves of C. roseus can be good source for synthesis of silver nanoparticle which shows antiplasmodial activity against P. falciparum. The important outcome of the study will be the development of value added products from medicinal plants C. roseus for biomedical and nanotechnology based industries.