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    HYDROTHERMAL LIQUEFACTION OF FRESH LEMON-PEEL: PARAMETER OPTIMISATION AND PRODUCT CHEMISTRY
    (Elsevier, 2019-12) Bo, Zhang ; Jixiang, Chen; Zhixia, He; Haitao, Chen; Sabariswaran, Kandasamy
    Large amounts of food wastes, such as fruit peels, are released into the environment without proper treatment every year. Fruit peels are also a potential bio-resource that can be converted into useful chemicals. Due to the high moisture content of the peels, hydrothermal liquefaction was introduced to convert the fresh lemon-peel to biocrude oil in this study. The optimisation based on the response surface methodology was applied to parameters including temperature, reaction time and feedstock concentration. The highest oil yield around 18 wt% was achieved under the optimised settings of 336 °C, 50 min, and 9.6 wt% feedstock loading. GC-MS identified a large number of ketones in the biocrude, while few fatty acids and N & O containing compounds compared with that from microalgae. A higher percentage of the biocrude can be distilled compared with the microalgae oil, indicating more volatiles within the lemon-peel liquefied oil.
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    EFFECTS OF THE AQUEOUS PHASE RECYCLING ON BIO-OIL YIELD IN HYDROTHERMAL LIQUEFACTION OF SPIRULINA PLATENSIS, Α-CELLULOSE, AND LIGNIN
    (Elsevier, 2019-07-15) Haitao, Chen; Zhixia, He; Bo, Zhang; Huan, Feng; Sabariswaran, Kandasamy; Bin, Wang
    The utilization of hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL), an efficient thermochemical conversion technology, can produce biofuels from biomass, but also a large amount of processing wastewater. In the present paper, the aqueous phase from the HTL of Spirulina Platensis was recycled as the intermediate reactant and its effects on the bio-oil yield from the HTL of Spirulina Platensis, α-Cellulose, and Lignin were investigated. The results revealed that the best bio-oil yields obtained from HTL of Spirulina Platensis and α-Cellulose in pure water were 30 and 7.03 wt% at the optimized operation conditions. Aqueous phase obtained from HTL of Spirulina Platensis could be introduced return into HTL system and result in an obvious increase in the bio-oil yield by 10 wt% and 6 wt% from HTL of Spirulina Platensis and α-Cellulose, respectively. Energy recovery rates from bio-oil were improved greatly by applying aqueous phase recycling during HTL. However, aqueous phase recycling inhibited generation of bio-oil, suggesting the presence of the antagonistic reaction between protein aqueous and Lignin. Based on the gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis of the aqueous phase and bio-oil, the possible reaction pathways were deduced.
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    SYNERGISTIC BIO-OIL PRODUCTION FROM HYDROTHERMAL CO-LIQUEFACTION OF SPIRULINA PLATENSIS AND Α-CELLULOSE
    (Elsevier, 2019-05-01) Huan, Feng; Zhixia, He; Bo, Zhang; Haitao, Chen; Qian, Wang; Sabariswaran, Kandasamy
    Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a promising technology for the conversion of wet biomass into liquid fuels. In this study, the hydrothermal co-liquefaction (HTCL) of Spirulina platensis and α-Cellulose for bio-oil production was investigated. The bio-oil yield of HTCL was increased significantly by blending α-Cellulose with low-lipid content microalgae of Spirulina platensis in the absence of any catalysts supplementary which reduces the processing cost. The results showed that bio-oil productivity was increased drastically up to 40.33 wt % (28.53 wt % with pure Spirulina platensis and 14.47 wt % with pure α-Cellulose), with a positive synergistic effect (SE) of 16 wt % during the HTCL process. The composition of synthesized bio-oil was analyzed by GC-MS which revealed that HTCL of Spirulina platensis and α-Cellulose are to decrease of its heterocyclic compounds, increased esters and hydrocarbons contents than HTL of pure Spirulina platensis or α-Cellulose. The possible reaction pathways were derived by synthesized bio-oil composition. The maximum energy recovery rate 82% was obtained on HTCL process. The study concluded that, HTCL process is more favorable for the economic concern due to high convention of bio-oil efficiency.
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    EFFECT OF ACIDIC, NEUTRAL AND ALKALINE CONDITIONS ON PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION AND BIOCRUDE OIL CHEMISTRY FROM HYDROTHERMAL LIQUEFACTION OF MICROALGAE
    (Elsevier, 2018-12) Bo, Zhang; Zhixia, He; Haitao, Chen; Sabariswaran, Kandasamy; Zhixiang, Xu; Xun, Hu; Hongyu, Guo
    Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of microalgae produces high amount of water-insoluble organic compounds, the biocrude oil. Using high-growth-rate Spirulina platensis as feedstock, product fraction distribution and biocrude oil chemistry from HTL at a temperature of 240–300 °C under acidic, neutral and alkaline condition were studied. Positive effects on biocrude oil yield were only found with KOH and acetic acid, and these effects were stronger under milder HTL conditions. FT-ICR MS showed that O2 class in the biocrude was high due to higher carbohydrate in the biomass, numbers of N3O5-6 species present in the sample from acetic acid run, indicating its less decarboxylation ability. GC–MS showed more ketones and amides were formed from fatty acids in catalytic HTL, and this effect was sensitive toward reaction temperature. GPC suggested more light volatiles were in biocrude from KOH run, while analysis from NMR, FT-IR and elemental confirmed its high oil quality.
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    CARROT ANTIFREEZE PROTEIN ENHANCES CHILLING TOLERANCE IN TRANSGENIC TOMATO
    (Springer Link, 2014) Sarma, Rajeev Kumar; Rajamani, Kiruba; Srinivasan, Balamurugan; Hélia G, Cardoso; Arnholdt-Schmitt, Birgit; Ahmed, Zakwan; Ramalingam, Sathishkumar
    In an attempt to improve chilling tolerance, the carrot gene encoding the antifreeze protein (AFP) was cloned under the control of constitutive CaMV35S promoter and genetically transformed the tomato var. PKM1 using Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. Putative transgenic plants were confirmed by PCR using AFP-specific primers and grown to maturity. The integration of AFP transgene in the tomato genome was confirmed by Southern blot analysis. The AFP gene expression in transgenic plants was determined using semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Upon exposure to chilling stress (4 °C), a significant decrease in membrane injury index was observed in AFP transgenic tomato lines without any phenotypic aberrations when compared with WT plants. Hence, this study clearly proves that the development of chilling tolerant tomato plants will soon become a reality.
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    LIMITED ADDITION OF THE 6-ARM Β1,2-LINKED N-ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE (GLCNAC) RESIDUE FACILITATES THE FORMATION OF THE LARGEST N-GLYCAN IN PLANTS
    (Pub Med, 2015-07-03) Jae, Yong Yoo; Ki, Seong Ko; Hyun-Kyeong, Seo; Seongha, Park; Wahyu, Indra Duwi Fanata; Rikno, Harmoko; Nirmal Kumar, Ramasamy; Thiyagarajan, Thulasinathan; Tesfaye, Mengiste; Jae-Min, Lim; Sang, Yeol Lee; Kyun, Oh Lee
    The most abundant N-glycan in plants is the paucimannosidic N-glycan with core β1,2-xylose and α1,3-fucose residues (Man3XylFuc(GlcNAc)2). Here, we report a mechanism in Arabidopsis thaliana that efficiently produces the largest N-glycan in plants. Genetic and biochemical evidence indicates that the addition of the 6-arm β1,2-GlcNAc residue by N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II (GnTII) is less effective than additions of the core β1,2-xylose and α1,3-fucose residues by XylT, FucTA, and FucTB in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, analysis of gnt2 mutant and 35S:GnTII transgenic plants shows that the addition of the 6-arm non-reducing GlcNAc residue to the common N-glycan acceptor GlcNAcMan3(GlcNAc)2 inhibits additions of the core β1,2-xylose and α1,3-fucose residues. Our findings indicate that plants limit the rate of the addition of the 6-arm GlcNAc residue to the common N-glycan acceptor as a mechanism to facilitate formation of the prevalent N-glycans with Man3XylFuc(GlcNAc)2 and (GlcNAc)2Man3XylFuc(GlcNAc)2 structures.
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    N-GLYCAN MATURATION IS CRUCIAL FOR CYTOKININ-MEDIATED DEVELOPMENT AND CELLULOSE SYNTHESIS IN ORYZA SATIVA
    (Pub Med, 2013-02-25) Wahyu Indra, Duwi Fanata; Kyoung, Hwan Lee; Bo Hwa, Son; Jae, Yong Yoo; Rikno Harmoko, Harmoko; Ki, Seong Ko; Nirmal Kumar, Ramasamy; Kyung, Hwa Kim; Doo-Byoung, Oh; Hyun, Suk Jung; Jae-Yean, Kim; Sang, Yeol Lee; Kyun, Oh Lee
    To explore the physiological significance of N-glycan maturation in the plant Golgi apparatus, gnt1, a mutant with loss of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GnTI) function, was isolated in Oryza sativa. gnt1 exhibited complete inhibition of N-glycan maturation and accumulated high-mannose N-glycans. Phenotypic analyses revealed that gnt1 shows defective post-seedling development and incomplete cell wall biosynthesis, leading to symptoms such as failure in tiller formation, brittle leaves, reduced cell wall thickness, and decreased cellulose content. The developmental defects of gnt1 ultimately resulted in early lethality without transition to the reproductive stage. However, callus induced from gnt1 seeds could be maintained for periods, although it exhibited a low proliferation rate, small size, and hypersensitivity to salt stress. Shoot regeneration and dark-induced leaf senescence assays indicated that the loss of GnTI function results in reduced sensitivity to cytokinin in rice. Reduced expression of A-type O. sativa response regulators that are rapidly induced by cytokinins in gnt1 confirmed that cytokinin signaling is impaired in the mutant. These results strongly support the proposed involvement of N-glycan maturation in transport as well as in the function of membrane proteins that are synthesized via the endomembrane system.
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    WHEAT SEEDLINGS AS FOOD SUPPLEMENT TO COMBAT FREE RADICALS: AN IN VITRO APPROACH
    (2015-10) P, Ravikumar; G, Shalini; M, Jeyam
    The present study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of 5 organic solvent extracts (petroleum ether, n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol) of wheat grains, 3, 5 and 7 days old wheat seedlings. To determine the antioxidant activity of five extracts of four different samples, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content and ferrous reducing power ability were carried out. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging effect of chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts of 3 days old wheat seedlings was higher than wheat grains. Chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of 3 days old wheat seedlings exhibited higher 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging effcet than extracts of other samples. The phenolic content was high in chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extract of 5 days old wheat seedlings. When compared with wheat grain, reducing power ability was high in chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extract of wheat seedlings, especially in 3 and 5 days old wheat seedlings. From the above results, it was concluded that chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extract of 3, 5 and 7 days old wheat seedlings showed better antioxidant activity than the wheat grain extracts. Hence, the results of the present study suggest the intake of wheat seedlings as a food supplement to combat the diseases caused by free radicals.
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    EFFECT OF VITAMIN C ON mRNA EXPRESSION OF BMPs DURING FRACTURE HEALING IN THE FEMUR CALLUS OF SPRAGUE-DAWLEY FEMALE RATS
    (Innovare Academic Sciences, 2014) G., Anbarasi; K., Senthil Kumar; P, Narmadha; N, Srinivasan
    Fracture reparation is a complex physiological process. During fracture healing no scar is left but a new bone tissue is created. In addition to mechanical stabilization, inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, vitamins and trace elements are needed for better and faster fracture healing.Though vitamin C and BMPs are implicated in fracture healing, the interactions between them are not known
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    N-GLYCAN CONTAINING A CORE Α1,3-FUCOSE RESIDUE IS REQUIRED FOR BASIPETAL AUXIN TRANSPORT AND GRAVITROPIC RESPONSE IN RICE (ORYZA SATIVA)
    (2016-05-31) Rikno, Harmoko; Jae Yong, Yoo; Ki Seong, Ko; Nirmal Kumar, Ramasamy; Bo Young, Hwang; Eun, Ji Lee; Ho Soo, Kim; Kyung, Jin Lee; Doo-Byoung, Oh; Dool, -Yi Kim; Sanghun, Lee; Yang, Li; Sang Yeol, Lee; Kyun, Oh Lee
    In plants, α1,3-fucosyltransferase (FucT) catalyzes the transfer of fucose from GDP-fucose to asparagine-linked GlcNAc of the N-glycan core in the medial Golgi. To explore the physiological significance of this processing, we isolated two Oryza sativa (rice) mutants (fuct-1 and fuct-2) with loss of FucT function. Biochemical analyses of the N-glycan structure confirmed that α1,3-fucose is missing from the N-glycans of allelic fuct-1 and fuct-2. Compared with the wild-type cv Kitaake, fuct-1 displayed a larger tiller angle, shorter internode and panicle lengths, and decreased grain filling as well as an increase in chalky grains with abnormal shape. The mutant allele fuct-2 gave rise to similar developmental abnormalities, although they were milder than those of fuct-1. Restoration of a normal tiller angle in fuct-1 by complementation demonstrated that the phenotype is caused by the loss of FucT function. Both fuct-1 and fuct-2 plants exhibited reduced gravitropic responses. Expression of the genes involved in tiller and leaf angle control was also affected in the mutants. We demonstrate that reduced basipetal auxin transport and low auxin accumulation at the base of the shoot in fuct-1 account for both the reduced gravitropic response and the increased tiller angle.