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    THE PHARMACEUTICAL POTENTIAL OF CRUDE ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF PEDALIUM MUREX (L.)
    (Elsevier, 2022) Mathiyazhagan, Narayanan; Arunachalam, Kiran; Devarajan, Natarajan; Sabariswaran, Kandasamy; Sabarathinam, Shanmugam; Maha, Alshiekheid; Hesham S, Almoallim; Arivalagan, Pugazhendhi
    The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial competence of various solvent leaf extracts of Pedalium murex against bacteria that cause skin infections such as Staphylococcus aureus, (folliculitis), Streptococcus pyogenes (impetigo), and Corynebacterium sp. (pitted keratolysis). The presence of phytochemicals, antioxidant activity, and cytotoxicity on the Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK 293) cell line were also studied. The ethanol extract contained more phytochemical ingredients (saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, quinones, and betacyanin) than the other extracts. An increased concentration of ethanol extract demonstrated excellent antibacterial activity (zone of inhibition) against bacteria such as S. aureus, S. pyogenes, and Corynebacterium sp. and it followed by methanol extract. This is the first report on the antibacterial activity of an ethanol extract of P. murex against bacteria that cause skin infections. The average minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of ethanol extract was found as 13.64 mg mL−1. In the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl free radical scavenging assay, the crude ethanol (87.25 and 83.24 % respectively) and methanol extracts (81.41% and 78.39% respectively) showed excellent antioxidant activity. The cytotoxicity study (4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT assay) revealed that the crude ethanol extract of P. murex effectively supported the proliferation of HEK 293 cell line with the absence of considerable number of cell death even at 500 mg mL−1. The findings concluded that the components present in the ethanol extract could be used in drug formulations to combat bacteria that cause skin infections without causing side effects.
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    ASSESSING POLLUTANT SORPTION EFFICIENCY OF MODIFIED AND UNMODIFIED BIOCHAR WITH BACILLUS CEREUS ON CONTAMINATED LAKE WATER: IMPLICATIONS FOR ORYZA SATIVA SEEDLING AND ARTEMIA FRANCISCANA LARVAE VIABILITY
    (Springer Link, 2023-10-02) Mathiyazhagan, Narayanan; Ramesh, Subramani; Sabariswaran, Kandasamy
    This study evaluated the efficacy of biochar in removing pollutants from a polluted lake. Biochar, both with and without Bacillus cereus, was assessed for its sorption potential. The treated water samples were analyzed for toxicity using Oryza sativa and Artemia franciscana larvae. The lake water exceeded permissible limits for pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and various metals. The 10-day biosorption study with different treatment groups (MB, UMB, MBB, UMBB, and BC) revealed that the MBB group exhibited remarkable pollutant sorption potential. It achieved pollutant removal percentages of 33.35% for Cd, 15.73% for As, 26.21% for Cr, 32.72% for Pb, 32.81% for Zn, 23.58% for Cu, 5.44% for Cl, 22.01% for Ni, 28.2% for Hg, and 4.19% for SO42−. MBB-treated lake water showed no toxicity, confirming pollutant removal by metal-tolerant Bacillus cereus in modified biochar.
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    Β-CHITIN AND CHITOSAN FROM WASTE SHELLS OF EDIBLE MOLLUSKS AS A FUNCTIONAL INGREDIENT
    (Nanchang University, 2023-07-07) Durairaj, Karthick Rajan; Kannan, Mohan; Jayakumar, Rajarajeswaran; Dharmaraj, Divya; Ragavendhar, Kumar; Sabariswaran, Kandasamy; Shubing, Zhang; Abirami, Ramu Ganesan
    The marine food-processing industries were producing large quantities of shell wastes as a discard. Currently, this waste material was underutilized and leads to the landfill as a significant environmental issue. The outer shells or exoskeletons of mollusks serve as the best source of chitin. Three different allomorphs of chitin (γ, β, and γ) were extracted from different species of crustaceans, mollusks, and fungi. β-Allomorphs predominantly exist in the shells of mollusks. β-Chitin and its deacetylated product chitosan has been utilized for its special characteristic features, including biocompatibility, environmental friendly, and nontoxic properties. The extraction of β-chitin and chitosan from the mollusk shell waste were evaluated in this work. Hence, this review aims to explore edible mollusk shell waste sources and its suitable extraction techniques, characterizations, and functional properties of mollusk-based β-chitin and chitosan. Further, the genetic pathway of synthesizing mollusk chitin was discussed. The entire life cycle assessment with techno-economic aspects were extrapolated to study the bottlenecks and tangible solution for the industrial upscaling of obtaining β-chitin and chitosan from the edible mollusk shell waste have been reviewed herein.
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    HYDROTHERMAL LIQUEFACTION OF FRESH LEMON-PEEL: PARAMETER OPTIMISATION AND PRODUCT CHEMISTRY
    (Elsevier, 2019-12) Bo, Zhang ; Jixiang, Chen; Zhixia, He; Haitao, Chen; Sabariswaran, Kandasamy
    Large amounts of food wastes, such as fruit peels, are released into the environment without proper treatment every year. Fruit peels are also a potential bio-resource that can be converted into useful chemicals. Due to the high moisture content of the peels, hydrothermal liquefaction was introduced to convert the fresh lemon-peel to biocrude oil in this study. The optimisation based on the response surface methodology was applied to parameters including temperature, reaction time and feedstock concentration. The highest oil yield around 18 wt% was achieved under the optimised settings of 336 °C, 50 min, and 9.6 wt% feedstock loading. GC-MS identified a large number of ketones in the biocrude, while few fatty acids and N & O containing compounds compared with that from microalgae. A higher percentage of the biocrude can be distilled compared with the microalgae oil, indicating more volatiles within the lemon-peel liquefied oil.
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    EFFECTS OF THE AQUEOUS PHASE RECYCLING ON BIO-OIL YIELD IN HYDROTHERMAL LIQUEFACTION OF SPIRULINA PLATENSIS, Α-CELLULOSE, AND LIGNIN
    (Elsevier, 2019-07-15) Haitao, Chen; Zhixia, He; Bo, Zhang; Huan, Feng; Sabariswaran, Kandasamy; Bin, Wang
    The utilization of hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL), an efficient thermochemical conversion technology, can produce biofuels from biomass, but also a large amount of processing wastewater. In the present paper, the aqueous phase from the HTL of Spirulina Platensis was recycled as the intermediate reactant and its effects on the bio-oil yield from the HTL of Spirulina Platensis, α-Cellulose, and Lignin were investigated. The results revealed that the best bio-oil yields obtained from HTL of Spirulina Platensis and α-Cellulose in pure water were 30 and 7.03 wt% at the optimized operation conditions. Aqueous phase obtained from HTL of Spirulina Platensis could be introduced return into HTL system and result in an obvious increase in the bio-oil yield by 10 wt% and 6 wt% from HTL of Spirulina Platensis and α-Cellulose, respectively. Energy recovery rates from bio-oil were improved greatly by applying aqueous phase recycling during HTL. However, aqueous phase recycling inhibited generation of bio-oil, suggesting the presence of the antagonistic reaction between protein aqueous and Lignin. Based on the gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis of the aqueous phase and bio-oil, the possible reaction pathways were deduced.
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    SYNERGISTIC BIO-OIL PRODUCTION FROM HYDROTHERMAL CO-LIQUEFACTION OF SPIRULINA PLATENSIS AND Α-CELLULOSE
    (Elsevier, 2019-05-01) Huan, Feng; Zhixia, He; Bo, Zhang; Haitao, Chen; Qian, Wang; Sabariswaran, Kandasamy
    Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a promising technology for the conversion of wet biomass into liquid fuels. In this study, the hydrothermal co-liquefaction (HTCL) of Spirulina platensis and α-Cellulose for bio-oil production was investigated. The bio-oil yield of HTCL was increased significantly by blending α-Cellulose with low-lipid content microalgae of Spirulina platensis in the absence of any catalysts supplementary which reduces the processing cost. The results showed that bio-oil productivity was increased drastically up to 40.33 wt % (28.53 wt % with pure Spirulina platensis and 14.47 wt % with pure α-Cellulose), with a positive synergistic effect (SE) of 16 wt % during the HTCL process. The composition of synthesized bio-oil was analyzed by GC-MS which revealed that HTCL of Spirulina platensis and α-Cellulose are to decrease of its heterocyclic compounds, increased esters and hydrocarbons contents than HTL of pure Spirulina platensis or α-Cellulose. The possible reaction pathways were derived by synthesized bio-oil composition. The maximum energy recovery rate 82% was obtained on HTCL process. The study concluded that, HTCL process is more favorable for the economic concern due to high convention of bio-oil efficiency.
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    EFFECT OF ACIDIC, NEUTRAL AND ALKALINE CONDITIONS ON PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION AND BIOCRUDE OIL CHEMISTRY FROM HYDROTHERMAL LIQUEFACTION OF MICROALGAE
    (Elsevier, 2018-12) Bo, Zhang; Zhixia, He; Haitao, Chen; Sabariswaran, Kandasamy; Zhixiang, Xu; Xun, Hu; Hongyu, Guo
    Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of microalgae produces high amount of water-insoluble organic compounds, the biocrude oil. Using high-growth-rate Spirulina platensis as feedstock, product fraction distribution and biocrude oil chemistry from HTL at a temperature of 240–300 °C under acidic, neutral and alkaline condition were studied. Positive effects on biocrude oil yield were only found with KOH and acetic acid, and these effects were stronger under milder HTL conditions. FT-ICR MS showed that O2 class in the biocrude was high due to higher carbohydrate in the biomass, numbers of N3O5-6 species present in the sample from acetic acid run, indicating its less decarboxylation ability. GC–MS showed more ketones and amides were formed from fatty acids in catalytic HTL, and this effect was sensitive toward reaction temperature. GPC suggested more light volatiles were in biocrude from KOH run, while analysis from NMR, FT-IR and elemental confirmed its high oil quality.
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    CARROT ANTIFREEZE PROTEIN ENHANCES CHILLING TOLERANCE IN TRANSGENIC TOMATO
    (Springer Link, 2014) Sarma, Rajeev Kumar; Rajamani, Kiruba; Srinivasan, Balamurugan; Hélia G, Cardoso; Arnholdt-Schmitt, Birgit; Ahmed, Zakwan; Ramalingam, Sathishkumar
    In an attempt to improve chilling tolerance, the carrot gene encoding the antifreeze protein (AFP) was cloned under the control of constitutive CaMV35S promoter and genetically transformed the tomato var. PKM1 using Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. Putative transgenic plants were confirmed by PCR using AFP-specific primers and grown to maturity. The integration of AFP transgene in the tomato genome was confirmed by Southern blot analysis. The AFP gene expression in transgenic plants was determined using semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Upon exposure to chilling stress (4 °C), a significant decrease in membrane injury index was observed in AFP transgenic tomato lines without any phenotypic aberrations when compared with WT plants. Hence, this study clearly proves that the development of chilling tolerant tomato plants will soon become a reality.
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    MICROALGAE AS A MULTIPOTENTIAL ROLE IN COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS: CURRENT SCENARIO AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
    (Elsevier, 2022-01-15) Sabariswaran, Kandasamy; Bo, Zhang; Zhixia, He; Narayanamoorthy, Bhuvanendran; Ahmed I., EL-Seesy; Qian, Wang; Mathiyazhagan, Narayanan; Palaniswamy, Thangavel; Mudasir A., Dar
    Microalgal feedstocks have gained tremendous potential for sustainable biofuel production in recent years. For biofuel processing, thermochemical, biochemical, and transesterification processes are used. Many researchers have recently become interested in the hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae. Renewable biofuel production from microalgae, as well as a broad range of value-added co-products, describe its potential as a biorefinery feedstock from this perspective. Microalgae convert solar energy into carbon storage compounds, such as TAG (triacylglycerols), which can then be converted into biodiesel, bioethanol, and bio-methanol. Microalgae are considered to be the most attractive source of biofuel production for all the organisms used. This review explored the percentage of oil content, chemical composition, and lipid content of microalgae. This analysis depicts the various aspects of microalgal species for biofuel conversion. Also, other bioenergy and value-added items are discussed briefly.
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    CURRENT STATUS OF MICROBES INVOLVED IN THE DEGRADATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS (PPCPS) POLLUTANTS IN THE AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM
    (Elsevier, 2022-05-01) Mathiyazhagan, Narayanan; Mostafa, El-sheekh; Ying, Ma; Arivalagan, Pugazhendhi; Devarajan, Natarajan; Gajendiran, Kandasamy; Rathinam, Raja; Saravana Kumar, R.M; Suresh, Kumarasamy; Govindasamy, Sathiyan; Geetha, R; Balaji, Paulraj; Guanglong, Liu; Sabariswaran, Kandasamy
    Contamination of aquatic systems with pharmaceuticals, personal care products, steroid hormones, and agrochemicals has been an immense problem for the earth's ecosystem and health impacts. The environmental issues of well-known persistence pollutants, their metabolites, and other micro-pollutants in diverse aquatic systems around the world were collated and exposed in this review assessment. Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) influents and effluents, as well as industrial, hospital, and residential effluents, include detectable concentrations of known and undiscovered persistence pollutants and metabolites. These components have been found in surface water, groundwater, drinking water, and natural water reservoirs receiving treated and untreated effluents. Several studies have found that these persistence pollutants, and also similar recalcitrant pollutants, are hazardous to a variety of non-targeted creatures in the environment. In human and animals, they can also have severe and persistent harmful consequences. Because these pollutants are harmful to aquatic organisms, microbial degradation of these persistence pollutants had the least efficiency. Fortunately, only a few wild and Genetically Modified (GMOs) microbial species have the ability to degrade these PPCPs contaminants. Hence, researchers have been studying the degradation competence of microbial communities in persistence pollutants of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) and respective metabolites for decades, as well as possible degradation processes in various aquatic systems. As a result, this review provides comprehensive information about environmental issues and the degradation of PPCPs and their metabolites, as well as other micro-pollutants, in aquatic systems.