Department of Biotechnology
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Item Item HAEMATOCOCCUS: BIOCHEMISTRY, BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS(Springer Nature, 2023-01-01) Raja, Rathinam; Hemaiswarya, Shanmugam; Narayanan, Mathiyazhagan; Kandasamy, SabariswaranThis book offers a comprehensive analysis of microalgal cultivation methods and optimization of astaxanthin production for various applications, including clinical uses, algae polymers, proteins and pigments, food applications and packaging, algae forming, cosmetics, and more. Microalgae are unicellular living forms and are the primary producers that play a major role in the ecosystem. Commercially, while many documents are available, some recent fields are yet to be explored. The book comprises 19 chapters contributed by experts and reviews the recent developments in the cultivation, harvest, and genetic engineering of H. pluvialis-derived astaxanthin. It also discusses their bottlenecks and challenges in commercial-scale production, as well as current and prospective global market. Current research supports the exploration of new topics and practical applications of microalgae and their products, which will also benefit academia. The book will be an importantresource for researchers and industry, providing comprehensive knowledge on broad topics. Flow charts, updated methods, and colour images are included to help the readers' understanding.Item TOXIC EFFECTS OF NICKEL SULPHATE ON EMBRYONIC MICE (EXPOSED MALE: NORMAL FEMALE)(ASOC for The Advancement Of Zoology-India, 1999-06-01) Pandey, R; Kumar, R; Singh, SP; Srivastava, SPMating between Nickel Sulphate treated male mice and normal female mice resulted in a decreased number of foetus, weight of foetus and length of foetus. But there is no accumulation of Nickel Sulphate in embryonic mice. The number of corpora lutea increased and fertility reduced in female mice. Our aim was to determine male mediated toxic affects of Nickel on embryonic mice.Item THE PHARMACEUTICAL POTENTIAL OF CRUDE ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF PEDALIUM MUREX (L.)(Elsevier, 2022) Mathiyazhagan, Narayanan; Arunachalam, Kiran; Devarajan, Natarajan; Sabariswaran, Kandasamy; Sabarathinam, Shanmugam; Maha, Alshiekheid; Hesham S, Almoallim; Arivalagan, PugazhendhiThe purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial competence of various solvent leaf extracts of Pedalium murex against bacteria that cause skin infections such as Staphylococcus aureus, (folliculitis), Streptococcus pyogenes (impetigo), and Corynebacterium sp. (pitted keratolysis). The presence of phytochemicals, antioxidant activity, and cytotoxicity on the Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK 293) cell line were also studied. The ethanol extract contained more phytochemical ingredients (saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, quinones, and betacyanin) than the other extracts. An increased concentration of ethanol extract demonstrated excellent antibacterial activity (zone of inhibition) against bacteria such as S. aureus, S. pyogenes, and Corynebacterium sp. and it followed by methanol extract. This is the first report on the antibacterial activity of an ethanol extract of P. murex against bacteria that cause skin infections. The average minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of ethanol extract was found as 13.64 mg mL−1. In the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl free radical scavenging assay, the crude ethanol (87.25 and 83.24 % respectively) and methanol extracts (81.41% and 78.39% respectively) showed excellent antioxidant activity. The cytotoxicity study (4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT assay) revealed that the crude ethanol extract of P. murex effectively supported the proliferation of HEK 293 cell line with the absence of considerable number of cell death even at 500 mg mL−1. The findings concluded that the components present in the ethanol extract could be used in drug formulations to combat bacteria that cause skin infections without causing side effects.Item ASSESSING POLLUTANT SORPTION EFFICIENCY OF MODIFIED AND UNMODIFIED BIOCHAR WITH BACILLUS CEREUS ON CONTAMINATED LAKE WATER: IMPLICATIONS FOR ORYZA SATIVA SEEDLING AND ARTEMIA FRANCISCANA LARVAE VIABILITY(Springer Link, 2023-10-02) Mathiyazhagan, Narayanan; Ramesh, Subramani; Sabariswaran, KandasamyThis study evaluated the efficacy of biochar in removing pollutants from a polluted lake. Biochar, both with and without Bacillus cereus, was assessed for its sorption potential. The treated water samples were analyzed for toxicity using Oryza sativa and Artemia franciscana larvae. The lake water exceeded permissible limits for pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and various metals. The 10-day biosorption study with different treatment groups (MB, UMB, MBB, UMBB, and BC) revealed that the MBB group exhibited remarkable pollutant sorption potential. It achieved pollutant removal percentages of 33.35% for Cd, 15.73% for As, 26.21% for Cr, 32.72% for Pb, 32.81% for Zn, 23.58% for Cu, 5.44% for Cl, 22.01% for Ni, 28.2% for Hg, and 4.19% for SO42−. MBB-treated lake water showed no toxicity, confirming pollutant removal by metal-tolerant Bacillus cereus in modified biochar.Item Β-CHITIN AND CHITOSAN FROM WASTE SHELLS OF EDIBLE MOLLUSKS AS A FUNCTIONAL INGREDIENT(Nanchang University, 2023-07-07) Durairaj, Karthick Rajan; Kannan, Mohan; Jayakumar, Rajarajeswaran; Dharmaraj, Divya; Ragavendhar, Kumar; Sabariswaran, Kandasamy; Shubing, Zhang; Abirami, Ramu GanesanThe marine food-processing industries were producing large quantities of shell wastes as a discard. Currently, this waste material was underutilized and leads to the landfill as a significant environmental issue. The outer shells or exoskeletons of mollusks serve as the best source of chitin. Three different allomorphs of chitin (γ, β, and γ) were extracted from different species of crustaceans, mollusks, and fungi. β-Allomorphs predominantly exist in the shells of mollusks. β-Chitin and its deacetylated product chitosan has been utilized for its special characteristic features, including biocompatibility, environmental friendly, and nontoxic properties. The extraction of β-chitin and chitosan from the mollusk shell waste were evaluated in this work. Hence, this review aims to explore edible mollusk shell waste sources and its suitable extraction techniques, characterizations, and functional properties of mollusk-based β-chitin and chitosan. Further, the genetic pathway of synthesizing mollusk chitin was discussed. The entire life cycle assessment with techno-economic aspects were extrapolated to study the bottlenecks and tangible solution for the industrial upscaling of obtaining β-chitin and chitosan from the edible mollusk shell waste have been reviewed herein.Item TANNERY WASTEWATER REMEDIATION COMPETENCE OF METAL TOLERANT BACTERIA AND FUNGI UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF CHEMICALLY MODIFIED WATER HYACINTH BIOCHAR: AN IN VITRO EVALUATION(Springer Link, 2023-11-22) Kandasamy, Gajendiran; Ying, Ma; Sabariswaran, Kandasamy; Amal Abdullah, A. Sabour; Maha, Alshiekheid; Arivalagan, Pugazhendhi; Mathiyazhagan, NarayananThis study was trying to find a sustainable approach to remediate the tannery wastewater by various treatments sets (set-I to set-VIII: consists of KOH modified biochar, Bacillus cereus, and Aspergillus flavus biomass), and treatment successfulness was determined by phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity studies on potential Vigna unguiculata seedlings and Artemia franciscana larvae, respectively. Three tannery wastewater samples were collected from 3 sites (I, II, and III); among them, the physicochemical properties of site I were beyond the permissible limits containing more volume of harmful heavy metals such as Cr, Cd, Pb, As, Co, Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn than other sample. The test B. cereus and A. flavus showed remarkable metal tolerance to heavy metals such as Cr, Cd, Pb, As, Co, Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn at 800 µg mL−1. The bioremediation study results stated that the KOH modified pre-synthesized and characterized water hyacinth biochar with the blend of B. cereus and A. flavus (treatment set-VII) biomass substantially reduced/removed (Cr, Cd, Pd, As, Co, Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn as 54.75%, 49.52%, 30.49%, 17.53%, 29.07%, 14.75%, 5%, 27.27%, and 9.2%, respectively) the heavy metals from the tannery wastewater. The treatment effectiveness was determined by phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity studies on V. unguiculata seedlings and A. franciscana larvae, respectively. Among various treatment sets, the set-VII demonstrated absence of phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity on V. unguiculata seedlings and A. franciscana larvae, respectively. This clearly shows that the KOH modified biochar with B. cereus and A. flavus biomass can be used to manage and treat tannery wastewater in a sustainable manner.Item A REVIEW ON LOW TEMPERATURE COMBUSTION ENGINES: PERFORMANCE, COMBUSTION AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS(Elsevier, 2019-12) Krishnamoorthi, M; Malayalamurthi, R; Zhixia, He; Sabariswaran, KandasamyLow temperature combustion (LTC) is a recent engine technology that can reduce the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and soot emissions simultaneously while maintaining higher thermal efficiency. The present review work investigates the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of LTC mode engines. Partially premixed LTC (PPLTC), homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI), premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) and reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) modes are researched under LTC mode. In recent decades, different engine strategies have been employed to reduce exhaust emissions and to enhance thermal efficiency. Exhaust gas recirculation, variable valve timing (VVT), advanced fuel injection technologies are adapted to achieve LTC mode in internal combustion (IC) engines to get improved outcomes. This review highlights the properties of fuels, fuel supply systems, valve actuation mechanisms, engine operating conditions and its effects on the engine characteristics. This review provides a perspective plan to the researchers for enhancing the performance, emission and combustion behavior of an engine by using LTC mode with lower NOx and soot emissions. Among LTC mode engines, RCCI mode engine operates well in 60% load, 60% premixed ratio, 35:1 air-fuel ratio and 56% brake thermal efficiency within the combustion phasing control.Item HYDROTHERMAL LIQUEFACTION OF FRESH LEMON-PEEL: PARAMETER OPTIMISATION AND PRODUCT CHEMISTRY(Elsevier, 2019-12) Bo, Zhang ; Jixiang, Chen; Zhixia, He; Haitao, Chen; Sabariswaran, KandasamyLarge amounts of food wastes, such as fruit peels, are released into the environment without proper treatment every year. Fruit peels are also a potential bio-resource that can be converted into useful chemicals. Due to the high moisture content of the peels, hydrothermal liquefaction was introduced to convert the fresh lemon-peel to biocrude oil in this study. The optimisation based on the response surface methodology was applied to parameters including temperature, reaction time and feedstock concentration. The highest oil yield around 18 wt% was achieved under the optimised settings of 336 °C, 50 min, and 9.6 wt% feedstock loading. GC-MS identified a large number of ketones in the biocrude, while few fatty acids and N & O containing compounds compared with that from microalgae. A higher percentage of the biocrude can be distilled compared with the microalgae oil, indicating more volatiles within the lemon-peel liquefied oil.Item EFFECTS OF THE AQUEOUS PHASE RECYCLING ON BIO-OIL YIELD IN HYDROTHERMAL LIQUEFACTION OF SPIRULINA PLATENSIS, Α-CELLULOSE, AND LIGNIN(Elsevier, 2019-07-15) Haitao, Chen; Zhixia, He; Bo, Zhang; Huan, Feng; Sabariswaran, Kandasamy; Bin, WangThe utilization of hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL), an efficient thermochemical conversion technology, can produce biofuels from biomass, but also a large amount of processing wastewater. In the present paper, the aqueous phase from the HTL of Spirulina Platensis was recycled as the intermediate reactant and its effects on the bio-oil yield from the HTL of Spirulina Platensis, α-Cellulose, and Lignin were investigated. The results revealed that the best bio-oil yields obtained from HTL of Spirulina Platensis and α-Cellulose in pure water were 30 and 7.03 wt% at the optimized operation conditions. Aqueous phase obtained from HTL of Spirulina Platensis could be introduced return into HTL system and result in an obvious increase in the bio-oil yield by 10 wt% and 6 wt% from HTL of Spirulina Platensis and α-Cellulose, respectively. Energy recovery rates from bio-oil were improved greatly by applying aqueous phase recycling during HTL. However, aqueous phase recycling inhibited generation of bio-oil, suggesting the presence of the antagonistic reaction between protein aqueous and Lignin. Based on the gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis of the aqueous phase and bio-oil, the possible reaction pathways were deduced.