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Author: search.filters.author.Zhixia, HeEnd date: 2019

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    HYDROTHERMAL LIQUEFACTION OF FRESH LEMON-PEEL: PARAMETER OPTIMISATION AND PRODUCT CHEMISTRY
    (Elsevier, 2019-12) Bo, Zhang ; Jixiang, Chen; Zhixia, He; Haitao, Chen; Sabariswaran, Kandasamy
    Large amounts of food wastes, such as fruit peels, are released into the environment without proper treatment every year. Fruit peels are also a potential bio-resource that can be converted into useful chemicals. Due to the high moisture content of the peels, hydrothermal liquefaction was introduced to convert the fresh lemon-peel to biocrude oil in this study. The optimisation based on the response surface methodology was applied to parameters including temperature, reaction time and feedstock concentration. The highest oil yield around 18 wt% was achieved under the optimised settings of 336 °C, 50 min, and 9.6 wt% feedstock loading. GC-MS identified a large number of ketones in the biocrude, while few fatty acids and N & O containing compounds compared with that from microalgae. A higher percentage of the biocrude can be distilled compared with the microalgae oil, indicating more volatiles within the lemon-peel liquefied oil.
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    EFFECTS OF THE AQUEOUS PHASE RECYCLING ON BIO-OIL YIELD IN HYDROTHERMAL LIQUEFACTION OF SPIRULINA PLATENSIS, Α-CELLULOSE, AND LIGNIN
    (Elsevier, 2019-07-15) Haitao, Chen; Zhixia, He; Bo, Zhang; Huan, Feng; Sabariswaran, Kandasamy; Bin, Wang
    The utilization of hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL), an efficient thermochemical conversion technology, can produce biofuels from biomass, but also a large amount of processing wastewater. In the present paper, the aqueous phase from the HTL of Spirulina Platensis was recycled as the intermediate reactant and its effects on the bio-oil yield from the HTL of Spirulina Platensis, α-Cellulose, and Lignin were investigated. The results revealed that the best bio-oil yields obtained from HTL of Spirulina Platensis and α-Cellulose in pure water were 30 and 7.03 wt% at the optimized operation conditions. Aqueous phase obtained from HTL of Spirulina Platensis could be introduced return into HTL system and result in an obvious increase in the bio-oil yield by 10 wt% and 6 wt% from HTL of Spirulina Platensis and α-Cellulose, respectively. Energy recovery rates from bio-oil were improved greatly by applying aqueous phase recycling during HTL. However, aqueous phase recycling inhibited generation of bio-oil, suggesting the presence of the antagonistic reaction between protein aqueous and Lignin. Based on the gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis of the aqueous phase and bio-oil, the possible reaction pathways were deduced.
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    SYNERGISTIC BIO-OIL PRODUCTION FROM HYDROTHERMAL CO-LIQUEFACTION OF SPIRULINA PLATENSIS AND Α-CELLULOSE
    (Elsevier, 2019-05-01) Huan, Feng; Zhixia, He; Bo, Zhang; Haitao, Chen; Qian, Wang; Sabariswaran, Kandasamy
    Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a promising technology for the conversion of wet biomass into liquid fuels. In this study, the hydrothermal co-liquefaction (HTCL) of Spirulina platensis and α-Cellulose for bio-oil production was investigated. The bio-oil yield of HTCL was increased significantly by blending α-Cellulose with low-lipid content microalgae of Spirulina platensis in the absence of any catalysts supplementary which reduces the processing cost. The results showed that bio-oil productivity was increased drastically up to 40.33 wt % (28.53 wt % with pure Spirulina platensis and 14.47 wt % with pure α-Cellulose), with a positive synergistic effect (SE) of 16 wt % during the HTCL process. The composition of synthesized bio-oil was analyzed by GC-MS which revealed that HTCL of Spirulina platensis and α-Cellulose are to decrease of its heterocyclic compounds, increased esters and hydrocarbons contents than HTL of pure Spirulina platensis or α-Cellulose. The possible reaction pathways were derived by synthesized bio-oil composition. The maximum energy recovery rate 82% was obtained on HTCL process. The study concluded that, HTCL process is more favorable for the economic concern due to high convention of bio-oil efficiency.
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    EFFECT OF ACIDIC, NEUTRAL AND ALKALINE CONDITIONS ON PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION AND BIOCRUDE OIL CHEMISTRY FROM HYDROTHERMAL LIQUEFACTION OF MICROALGAE
    (Elsevier, 2018-12) Bo, Zhang; Zhixia, He; Haitao, Chen; Sabariswaran, Kandasamy; Zhixiang, Xu; Xun, Hu; Hongyu, Guo
    Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of microalgae produces high amount of water-insoluble organic compounds, the biocrude oil. Using high-growth-rate Spirulina platensis as feedstock, product fraction distribution and biocrude oil chemistry from HTL at a temperature of 240–300 °C under acidic, neutral and alkaline condition were studied. Positive effects on biocrude oil yield were only found with KOH and acetic acid, and these effects were stronger under milder HTL conditions. FT-ICR MS showed that O2 class in the biocrude was high due to higher carbohydrate in the biomass, numbers of N3O5-6 species present in the sample from acetic acid run, indicating its less decarboxylation ability. GC–MS showed more ketones and amides were formed from fatty acids in catalytic HTL, and this effect was sensitive toward reaction temperature. GPC suggested more light volatiles were in biocrude from KOH run, while analysis from NMR, FT-IR and elemental confirmed its high oil quality.